Umayyad Caliph (r. 685–705) who implemented significant administrative, cultural, and religious reforms in the Islamic Empire.
A significant battle fought in 657 between the forces of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the governor of Syria, Muawiyah, marking a crucial event in early Islamic history
First Umayyad caliph and influential figure in early Islamic history, known for his opposition to Ali and his role in transitioning the Islamic caliphate into an imperial monarchy.
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (r. 717–720), also known as Umar II, was an Umayyad caliph recognized for implementing judicial and taxation reforms that emphasized equality among Muslims.
Umayyad caliph from 680–683, known for the events leading to the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala. Seen as a personification of evil and oppression in Shi'a Islam.
An in-depth look at Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, the second Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, his role in Islamic history, and his contested legacy.
Capital city of the Arab Republic of Syria and a significant center of Islamic culture and history.
