Islamic congresses were gatherings proposed by late-nineteenth-century Muslim reformists to promote internal reform and resist Western imperialism.
The nature and implications of postcolonial educational reform in various Muslim-majority countries.
A comprehensive term relating to reform, particularly within Islamic contexts, stressing the return to Islam’s original message while adapting to contemporary circumstances.
A 19th-century Iranian reformer and chief minister known for significant administrative and educational reforms in the Qajar court.
Reza Shah Pahlavi: Monarch and Modernizer of Iran
The legal term describing the derivation of rules from material of various schools of Islamic law
A period of social and political reform in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization and integration of Western European institutions.
Ottoman administrator and reformer of the Tanzimat period who balanced secular and religious influences.
