Al-Andalus

Granada
The last Muslim stronghold in western Europe and the last remnant of al-Andalus, renowned for its rich cultural and economic contributions, and most famously, the Alhambra Palace.
Caliphate of Córdoba
A historical Islamic state in Iberia renowned for its cultural, scientific, and administrative advancements during the Middle Ages.

Dictionary of Islam

IslamReference.com is your go-to source for understanding Islam, its history, theology, culture, and much more. Our goal is to provide reliable and scholarly resources to students, researchers, educators, and anyone with an interest in Islamic studies.