The thirty-fourth Ottoman Sultan during a period of substantial political, social, and economic turbulence.
North Indian reformer and activist, associated with the family of Shah Wali Allah of Delhi, known for his opposition to certain Sufi, Shii, and local practices, and his jihad against Sikh domination in Punjab.
Prominent Iranian Shi'i cleric known for his shift from supporting to opposing constitutional government, and his role in the Tobacco Revolt and Constitutional Revolution.
An influential Egyptian religious scholar who pioneered Islamic modernist thought and Egyptian nationalism by integrating European ideas with Islamic teachings.
