Zaīdīyah (زيدية‎) - Definition, Etymology, and Historical Context

Zaīdīyah (زيدية‎)

Definition and Overview

Zaīdīyah (زيدية‎) is a sect of Shīʿah Islam that emerged in the early Islamic period. Followers of the Zaīdīyah tradition chose to follow Zayd ibn ʿAlī (d. 740 CE), the grandson of Husayn ibn ʿAlī, instead of his brother, Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq. This sect holds a significant place in the historical and theological landscape of Shīʿah Islam.

Etymology and Translation

• Arabic: زيدية‎ (Zaīdīyah)
• Turkish: Zeydîlik

The name “Zaīdīyah” derives from Zayd ibn ʿAlī, its acknowledged founder. The term “Zaīdīyah” means “pertaining to Zayd” or “followers of Zayd.”

Historical Context

The division between Zaīdīyah and other Shīʿah factions, notably the Twelvers who followed Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq, arose over issues of leadership and differing views on Imamate. Zayd ibn ʿAlī advocated for an active, perhaps militant, stand against Umayyad rule, contrasting with Jaʿfar’s leadership, which was more focused on religious jurisprudence and theology.

Beliefs and Practices

Zāīdı̄s hold a distinct set of beliefs within the broader Shīʿah framework:

1. Imamate: They recognize Zayd ibn ʿAlī as the rightful Imam and emphasize an Imam’s role in leading and protecting the Muslim community, often through political engagement.

2. Theology: Zāīdı̄ theology is considered moderate, borrowing elements from both Sunni and Shīʿah doctrines. They do not endorse the notion of infallibility and esoteric knowledge (Ghayb) for their Imams to the extent the Twelvers do.

3. Jurisprudence: Their legal tradition employs reasoning (Ijtihad) similarly to other Islamic schools but places emphasis on justice and moral integrity.

Zaīdīyah in Modern Times

Today, the largest concentration of Zaīdīs is found in Yemen, where they have significantly influenced local politics and society. The Houthi movement in contemporary Yemen claims Zaīdī heritage and has brought increased global attention to the sect.

Suggested Books for Further Studies

1. “The Zaidi ʿUlama of Al-Ahsa: A Historical and Reformist Movement in Early Eighteenth Century” by Rainer Brunner
2. “Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint” by Rainer Brunner
3. “Roots of North Indian Shīʿism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859” by J.R.I. Cole

Takeaways

• Historical Significance: Zaīdīyah offers an alternative view of early Shīʿah Islam, highlighting differing interpretations of leadership and activism.
• Modern Relevance: Understanding the Zaīdīyah tradition can provide insights into contemporary political and religious dynamics, especially in regions where the sect has substantial influence.
• Theological Diversity: The sect showcases the rich diversity within Islamic theology and jurisprudence.

Conclusion

The Zaīdīyah sect is a vital branch of Shīʿah Islam with a unique historical and theological standpoint. By recognizing different paths taken by early Muslims in the choice of leadership and theological development, one gains a broader understanding of the depth and complexity of Islamic traditions.

Hope this dictionary entry enables a comprehensive understanding of Zaīdīyah, its origins, beliefs, and current relevance within the Islamic world.