Z̤ULM (ظلم)
Definition and Etymology
Z̤ULM (ظلم) - The term ‘Z̤ULM’ in Islam refers to wrong-doing or acting tyrannically. Etymologically, it originates from the Arabic root “ظ-ل-م” which means “putting a thing not in its proper place,” according to Ar-Raghib. This concept is intricately tied with the notions of justice and moral behavior in Islamic theology.
- Arabic: ظلم
- Turkish: Zulüm
Types of Z̤ULM
Muḥammad ibn at̤-T̤aiyib, in his annotations on the Qāmūs, categorizes Z̤ULM into three distinct types:
-
Between Man and God: This type of Z̤ULM involves actions like associating partners with God (Shirk). The Quran highlights its severity in Sūrah xxxi. 12: “Associating (with God) is a mighty wrong (z̤ulmun ʿaz̤īmun).”
-
Between Man and Man: Here, Z̤ULM pertains to inter-human relations such as injustice, oppression, and violations of others’ rights. For instance, the Quran in Sūrah ii. 54 mentions: “It was themselves they were wronging (kānū anfusa-hum yaz̤limūna).”
-
Between Man and Himself: This form of Z̤ULM relates to self-harm or neglect of one’s own duties and responsibilities. Internal tyranny can manifest in actions that harm one’s moral or spiritual well-being.
Quranic References
The concept of Z̤ULM is discussed in various places in the Quran:
- Sūrah iii. 50: “God loves not the tyrants (az̤-z̤ālimīna).”
- Sūrah iii. 104: “God desires not tyranny (z̤ulman) unto the worlds.”
- Sūrah xxxi. 12: “Associating (with God) is a mighty wrong (z̤ulmun ʿaz̤īmun).”
- Sūrah ii. 54: “It was themselves they were wronging (kānū anfusa-hum yaz̤limūna).”
Significance in Islamic Thought
In Islam, Z̤ULM is a concept that emphasizes the importance of justice, emphasizing its integral role in maintaining harmony within society, and between the creation and Creator. It underscores the consequences of failing to respect the rights of others, oneself, and the divine.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Spirit of Islamic Law” by Bernard G. Weiss - Provides an understanding of how concepts like Z̤ULM are treated within Islamic jurisprudence.
- “The Quran: Its Significance for Islamic History” by Alfred T. Welch - Offers a comprehensive analysis of various themes in the Quran including justice and tyranny.
- “Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali” by Reza Shah-Kazemi - Explores Islamic ethical thought through the perspectives of Imam Ali, emphasizing justice.
Takeaways
- Z̤ULM is fundamentally linked to the idea of putting things out of their proper place, culminating in injustice.
- Threefold Classification includes injustices towards God, fellow humans, and oneself.
- Quranic Emphasis is significant, as multiple verses highlight the severity and unacceptability of Z̤ULM.
- Educational Resources provide a deeper understanding of Islamic justice and ethics.
Conclusion
The term Z̤ULM (ظلم) extends beyond simple synonyms like “wrong-doing” or “tyranny” to encompass a deeply rooted principle within Islamic theology and ethical thought. Acknowledging and avoiding Z̤ULM, in its various forms, is essential for spiritual and moral rectitude in Islam. Understanding its significance helps one appreciate the profound value Islam places on justice, equity, and the proper order in all aspects of life.
