Tombs in Islam - Definition, Etymology, and Significance

Tombs in Islam: Definition, Etymology, and Significance

Definition

The term “tombs” refers to the monuments, structures, or graves where the deceased are buried. In the Islamic context, the erection of tombs and monuments over graves has varying interpretations, often influenced by the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as well as regional cultural practices.

Etymology

• Arabic: قبر (Qabr) for “grave”, ضريح (Dharīh) for “shrine” or “mausoleum”
• Turkish: Mezar for “grave”, Türbe for “tomb” or “mausoleum”

Islamic Teachings and Legal Rulings

Hadith References

1. Prohibition on Building with Mortar:

   • Jābir relates that the Prophet prohibited building with mortar on graves (Mishkāt, book v. ch. vi. pt. 1).

2. Instruction to Destroy Lofty Tombs:

   • Abū ʾl-Haiyāj al-Asadī reported that Caliph Ali instructed him to destroy all pictures and images and reduce lofty tombs to the height of a span from the ground.

3. The Prophet’s Grave Example:

   • Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ requested to be buried towards Mecca with unburnt bricks, as it was done for the Prophet.

Variations in Practice

• Wahhabi Interpretation: They strictly forbid the erection of monuments. When they controlled al-Madīnah, they attempted to destroy the building over the Prophet’s grave but were prevented.

• General Observance: Despite normative teachings, substantial domed tombs are common in many Muslim countries. These are often seen as markers of respect and honor, particularly for notable figures.

Cultural Practice in Different Regions

Examples of Notable Tomb Structures

1. Ottoman Empire:

   • The tombs of the imperial family, particularly the mausoleum of Sultan Suleiman I, exhibit lavish designs with domes and ornate interiors.

2. India:

   • The Taj Mahal, a magnificent example of Islamic tomb architecture built by Shah Jahan for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, showcases intricate marbles and inscriptions.

3. Persia (Iran):

   • Persian poets like Hāfiz̤ have tombs with beautifully carved inscriptions, often situated in lush gardens.

4. Afghanistan:

   • The tomb of Ahmad Shah Abdali in Kandahar is adorned with colorful porcelain tiles and a gilded dome.

5. Central Asia:

   • Tamerlane’s tomb in Samarkand features an octagonal structure with dark green stones and intricate Arabic and Persian inscriptions.

Books for Further Reading

1. “The Crescent and the Cross: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval World” by Hugh Goddard
2. “The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought” edited by Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone
3. “Islamic Art and Spirituality” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
4. “The Funeral Industry in the Middle East: A Comparative Study” by Andrew King

Takeaways and Conclusion

• Diversity in Practice: Tomb constructions in the Muslim world illustrate a range of practices, from strict adherence to traditional teachings to elaborate constructions highlighting regional cultural influences.
• Historical Significance: Notable tombs like the Taj Mahal or Sultan Suleiman’s mausoleum serve as cultural and historical landmarks, reflecting the artistic and architectural prowess of their times.
• Ethical Reflection: The varied practices underscore the balance Muslims strike between doctrinal adherence and cultural expression, honoring the deceased while adhering to or adapting religious guidelines.

Conclusion

The topic of tombs in Islam reveals a rich tapestry of interpretation and practice, deeply rooted in both religious teachings and the cultural fabric of Muslim societies. While foundational texts provide clear guidelines, the actual practices reflect a plurality of understandings and respect for the deceased across the Muslim world.