Terrorism
Definition
Terrorism refers to the deliberate use of violence against noncombatants to achieve political goals. Perpetrators may include state actors, state agents, independent individuals, or groups, either operating autonomously or within organized cells. Not all politically motivated acts of violence fall under the umbrella of terrorism.
Etymology
The term “terrorism” derives from the French word terrorisme, which originates from the Latin word terror, meaning “great fear” or “dread”.
Islamic Law Perspective
Islamic law, also known as Sharia, categorically condemns the use of violence except for combatting injustice. Actions deemed permissible under Islamic law include reacting to acts of aggression, especially when individuals are being forcefully driven from their homes. Even in such contexts, strict regulations guide the procurement and usage of violence:
- Who May Initiate Violence: Only authorities invested with the legitimate right, such as a recognized leader or ruler.
- Prior Warning: Before initiating hostilities, warnings should be issued to allow for the possibility of peaceful resolution.
- Immunity of Noncombatants: Noncombatants, including women, children, the elderly, and the unarmed, are granted explicit immunity.
- Cessation of Hostilities: Actions must cease immediately when aggression terminates or peace overtures are accepted.
The unsanctioned use of violence and disruption is referred to as hirabah in Islamic terminology. Unlike justified defense measures, hirabah is considered a serious transgression with harsh penalties.
Arabic and Turkish Translations
- Arabic: إرهاب (Irhāb)
- Turkish: Terörizm
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “Islam and the Challenge of Human Rights” by Abdulaziz Sachedina
- “Radical Islam and International Security” edited by Peter J. Katzenstein
- “The Crisis of Islamic Civilization” by Ali A. Allawi
- “Muslim Resistance to the Anti-Islamic Global Order: A Case Study of the West and Islam” by Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet
Takeaways
- Terrorism involves calculated acts of violence targeting noncombatants to achieve political ends.
- Islamic law condemns unwarranted violence and mandates specific guidelines for just combatting of aggression.
- Violent acts outside these parameters constitute hirabah and are strictly punishable.
Conclusion
Understanding terrorism’s standing in Islamic law demarcates lawful defense actions from unlawful disruptions. This nuanced view highlights Islam’s comprehensive legal and ethical approach to justice, emphasizing protection for innocents and the importance of peace restoration. For in-depth knowledge, recommended readings provide critical insights into the intersections of Islam, violence, and ethics on a global scale.
