Tayyibi Tariqah
Definition
The Tayyibi Tariqah is a reformist branch of the Sammani tariqah, founded by Mulay Abdullah ibn Ibrahim al-Sharif in northwestern Algeria during the seventeenth century. The tariqah is named after its fourth shaykh, Mulay al-Tayyib.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: الطريقة الطيبي (al-Ṭarīqah al-Ṭayyibī)
- Turkish: Tayyibi Tarikatı
Historical Context and Development
Founding and Expansion
The Tayyibi Tariqah, also known as both the Wazzani tariqah (after the zawiyah established in Wazzan in 1670) and Tihami tariqah (named after the grandson of the order’s founder), has played a significant role in North African Sufism. The order was founded in northwestern Algeria by Mulay Abdullah ibn Ibrahim al-Sharif in the seventeenth century and gained prominence under the leadership of its fourth shaykh, Mulay al-Tayyib.
The order has a widespread presence, with zawiyahs established in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Its influence peaked in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially in Tangiers, where its members were recognized by the sultan as allies and given autonomy in local affairs.
Philosophical and Theological Stance
The Tayyibi Tariqah is notable for its opposition to the popular veneration of marabouts (saints). This set them apart from other local Sufi orders that often emphasized the miracles and intercessory powers of marabouts.
Relations with Colonial Powers
During the nineteenth century, the order demonstrated a pragmatic approach by cooperating with the French protectorate as a means to resist the power of the sultan. This collaboration with colonial authorities aimed to preserve their autonomy and safeguard their interests in an era of increasing external pressures.
Significant Figures
- Mulay Abdullah ibn Ibrahim al-Sharif: Founder of the tariqah
- Mulay al-Tayyib: The fourth shaykh after whom the tariqah is named
Further Reading
For those interested in a deeper exploration of the Tayyibi Tariqah and its historical, theological, and cultural context, the following books are recommended:
- “Sufi Orders in Islam” by J. Spencer Trimingham
- “The Mystical Dimensions of Islam” by Annemarie Schimmel
- “Muslim Saints and Mystics: Episodes from the Tadhkirat al-Auliya’” by Farid al-Din Attar, translated by A.J. Arberry
Key Takeaways
- The Tayyibi Tariqah is a reformist Sufi order rooted in northwestern Algeria.
- Named after its fourth shaykh, Mulay al-Tayyib, it is also known by names reflecting key figures and locations linked to its history.
- The order maintains a notable presence in the Maghreb with significant historical influence in Tangiers.
- It opposed popular marabout veneration and strategically collaborated with the French protectorate in the nineteenth century.
Conclusion
The Tayyibi Tariqah represents a unique and influential strand of North-African Sufism. Its nuanced relationship with political powers and distinct theological stances make it a significant subject of study for those interested in Islamic mysticism, North African history, and colonial interactions.
Readers are encouraged to explore the aforementioned literature to gain more insights into the intricate history and philosophical underpinnings of the Tayyibi Tariqah.
