Islam in Tajikistan
Islam in Tajikistan concerns the historical and contemporary engagement of Tajikistan’s population with Islam, particularly focusing on the transitional period following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Historical Context
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan emerged as an independent state in Central Asia. Despite decades of Soviet-imposed atheism and restrictive policies, Islam retained a significant presence among the population. The population of Tajikistan (approximately 6.5 million) comprises predominantly of historically Muslim ethnic groups: Tajiks (65 percent), Uzbeks (25 percent), and smaller groups such as Tatars, Kyrgyz, and Turkmens (each 2 percent).
Islamic Denominations
Most Muslims in Tajikistan follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, which has remained the dominant strand for centuries. A smaller segment of the population adheres to Ismaili Shia Islam, particularly in areas like the Pamir Mountains.
Sufism
Sufism has deep-rooted significance in Tajikistan. The Naqshbandi Sufi order, which has historically been influential in Central Asia, continues to play an essential role in the religious and cultural life of Tajiks. The Ferghana Valley, which spans several Central Asian countries, is particularly notable for its Naqshbandi Sufi heritage.
Post-Soviet Era
In the wake of gaining independence, the elimination of Soviet anti-Islamic measures led to a religious revival in Tajikistan. Citizens openly embraced Islamic practices, and mosques, religious schools (madrasahs), and other Islamic institutions re-emerged across the country.
Challenges and Political Dynamics
The post-independence period has not been without challenges. The region has faced issues related to radicalization and extremism. Several Central Asian leaders, including the presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, have collaborated to address radical Muslim unrest, particularly in the Ferghana Valley. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), operating from a base in Afghanistan, has been an active group, occasionally conducting military activities in Tajikistan.
Key Terms and Translations
- Hanafi (Arabic: الحنفي, Turkish: Hanefi)
- Ismaili Shia (Arabic: الإسماعيلي الشيعي, Turkish: İsmaili Şii)
- Sufism (Arabic: الصوفية, Turkish: Tasavvuf)
- Naqshbandi (Arabic: النقشبندي, Turkish: Nakşibendi)
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “Islam in Central Asia” by Olivier Roy
- “Religion and Politics in Central Asia under Communism: Cases from Kazakhstan and Tajikistan” by Pauline Jones Luong
- “The Naqshbandis in Western and Central Asia” by Étienne de la Vaissière
Takeaways
- The collapse of the Soviet Union significantly affected the religious landscape of Tajikistan, leading to an open practice of Islam.
- The majority of the population adheres to Sunni Hanafi Islam, with a significant Ismaili Shia minority.
- Sufism, especially through the Naqshbandi order, has been historically influential.
- Political and collaborative regional efforts aim to manage radical influences and maintain stability.
Conclusion
The reinvigoration of Islam in Tajikistan post-1991 highlights the resilience of religious beliefs amidst political changes and offers a comprehensive view of how cultural and religious heritage withstands secular pressures. Islam continues to contribute to the identity and daily practices of Tajikistan’s people, with ongoing implications for social, political, and religious dynamics in the region.
For more details on this, see also the entry on the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU).
