Shāhinshāh (شاهنشاه)
Definition and Historical Context
Shāhinshāh (شاهنشاه) is a Persian title that translates to “King of Kings.” Historically, this title was used by the monarchs of Persia (modern-day Iran) to signify their supreme authority over any other chieftains and subordinate kings within the empire.
Etymology
- Persian: شاهنشاه (Shāhinshāh) breaks down into two parts:
- شاه (shāh): meaning “king.”
- نشاه (inshāh): coming from the word ناڼها (ina), meaning “king.”
- Together, they form “Shāhinshāh,” literally translating to “King of Kings.”
Arabic and Turkish Translations
- Arabic: ملك الملوك (Malik al-Mulūk)
- Turkish: Şehinşah
Significance in Islam
In Islamic tradition, the use of the title “Shāhinshāh” or “King of Kings” is strictly forbidden. This prohibition is explicitly conveyed in various Hadith collections, including Mishkāt al-Maṣābīḥ, where Prophet Muḥammad is reported to have said:
<p>“‘King of Kings’ is the vilest name you can call a man, for there is no other King of Kings but God.” — Mishkāt, book xxii. ch. viii.</p>
Takeaways
- The title “Shāhinshāh” holds historical significance in Persian culture but is prohibited in Islamic tradition.
- The rationale for this prohibition is based on the Islamic concept of monotheism, which recognizes Allah as the sole supreme ruler.
Books for Further Studies
- “The History of Iran” by Elton L. Daniel.
- A comprehensive guide to Iranian history, including the era of the Shāhinshāhs.
- “The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia” by Mehran Kamrava.
- Delves into the Persian Empire, its rulers, and the use of royal titles.
- “Islamic Jurisprudence and Its Sources” by David Powers.
- Explores the sources of Islamic law and discusses various Hadiths, including those forbidding specific titles.
Conclusion
Understanding the title Shāhinshāh offers valuable insights into Persian history and Islamic teachings. While regarded as a marker of supreme authority in Persian culture, it is considered inappropriate and even blasphemous within an Islamic context due to the emphasis on the singular sovereignty of God.
This comprehensive entry provides historical and religious context to the term “Shāhinshāh,” elucidating why it is forbidden in Islamic traditions and underscoring its significance in Persian history.
