Sectarianism in Islam
Definition
Sectarianism in Islam refers to the divisions and conflicts within the Muslim community, despite numerous warnings in the Quran against such divisions. The emergence of different sects such as Sunni and Shia Islam and other groups represents the complexity of religious, political, and social dynamics within Islamic history.
Etymology
The term “sectarianism” originates from the word “sect,” derived from the Latin secta, meaning a faction or religious group. In Arabic, sectarianism is referred to as “فرق” (firaq, meaning factions) or “مذهبية” (madhhabiyya, meaning adherence to different schools of thought).
Quranic Warning Against Sectarianism
The Quran explicitly cautions against dividing into sects. For example, Surah Ar-Rum (30:31-32) states:
<p>“Turn back to Him, and be conscious of Him; and establish regular prayer. And be not among those who associate others with Allah, those who have torn their unity apart and have become divided into sects, each group rejoicing in what they have.”</p>
Historical Emergence of Sects
Immediately Post-Muhammad: After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, disputes over rightful leadership led to the first significant rift resulting in the Sunni and Shia groups.
The First Fitna (656–661 CE): The initial division occurred during this period, primarily revolving around questions of legitimate authority and the rightful successors to Prophet Muhammad.
Various Sects:
- Kharijis: An early group that split from Ali’s supporters over his acceptance of arbitration with Muawiya, asserting anyone morally bet like should lead the Muslim community.
- Sunni: Emphasize the elected calipate and follow the sunna (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad.
- Shia: Supporters of Ali and his descendants, who believe in a divinely appointed line of Imams.
Modern-Day Sectarianism
Sunni-Muslim Relations: Throughout history, the relationship between Sunni and Shia communities has oscillated from harmonious coexistence to bitter conflict.
Post-Iranian Revolution (1979): The Iranian Revolution catalyzed Shia resurgence, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia, resulting in increased Sunni apprehension and occasional conflict, especially where political control and influence came under dispute.
Pakistan and Afghanistan: The 1980s saw the emergence of intense sectarian violence in Pakistan, exasperated by militant Sunni and Shia groups. Similarly, the rise of the anti-Shia Taliban in Afghanistan further aggravated sectarian tensions in the region.
Key Terms
- Ahmadis: A sect that considers Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Mahdi. They face persecution and discrimination in several Muslim-majority countries.
- Ismailis: A branch of Shia Islam known for their esoteric interpretation of Islam, notably followers of the Aga Khan.
- Shii Islam: Shia Muslim communities, distinguished by their reverence for Ali and his descendants.
Further Readings
For a comprehensive understanding of sectarianism in Islam, consider the following books:
- “No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam” by Reza Aslan
- “After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam” by Lesley Hazleton
- “The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future” by Vali Nasr
Conclusion
Recognizing the depth and consequences of sectarianism in Islam is crucial for understanding Muslim societies. Despite the Quranic admonishments, historical, socio-political, and doctrinal differences have formed significant divides that continue to impact contemporary Islamic worlds.
Takeaways
- Quranic Prohibition: The Quran warns against divisions and sectarianism.
- Historical Anchors: Important divergences arose after Prophet Muhammad’s death, leading to the formation of various sects.
- Modern Context: Political movements and revolutions have exacerbated sectarian divides, particularly in regions like the Middle East and South Asia.
Understanding the causes and impacts of sectarianism can foster better-informed dialogue and efforts towards cohesion within the international Muslim community.
