Sculpture in Islam: Definition, Etymology, and Legal Rulings
Definition
Sculpture, known in Arabic as anṣāb (انصاب), refers to the creation of carved, graven, or sculptured figures. In Islamic tradition, the making and displaying of sculptures, especially those that represent living beings, is generally considered forbidden due to associations with idolatry, a practice strictly prohibited in Islam.
Etymology
- Arabic: انصاب (anṣāb) - Referring to statues or idols.
- Arabic: صنم (ṣanam) - Meaning “an idol.”
- Turkish: Heykel - The general term for “sculpture.”
Qur’anic References
The prohibition of sculpture is derived from specific verses in the Qur’an that associate it with idolatry:
- Surah Al-Hajj (22:38) - “Verily, wine, games of chance, statues (anṣāb), and divining arrows are an abomination of Satan’s doing.”
- Surah Ibrahim (14:35) - “… and keep us and my sons away from worshiping idols (aṣnām).”
In these contexts, sculptures are grouped with other practices seen as distracting humans from the worship of Allah.
Islamic Legal Rulings
Islamic scholars interpret these Qur’anic verses to mean that the making and veneration of sculptures, especially those representing animate beings, are haram (forbidden). This legal position is echoed in various hadiths and by numerous scholars like Al-Rāghib, who notes that a ṣanam (idol) specifically diverts the mind from God.
Scholarly Interpretations
- Ar-Rāghib: He indicates that a ṣanam is anything that diverts attention away from God, thus legitimizing the prohibition.
Recommended Books for Further Studies
- “The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam” by Yusuf Al-Qaradawi - A comprehensive guide on Islamic rulings, including the prohibitions pertaining to art and sculpture.
- “The Qur’an” translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem - This modern translation provides clarity on the verses pertaining to sculpture.
- “Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources” edited by D. Fairchild Ruggles - A collection of texts that explore Islamic visual culture, including the prohibition of certain artistic practices.
Takeaways
- Anṣāb (انصاب) generally refers to sculptured figures that are prohibited in Islam due to their association with idolatry.
- The creation and veneration of sculptures, particularly those representing living beings, are viewed as haram (forbidden) by Islamic law.
- This prohibition underscores the importance placed on monotheism and preventing any practices that could lead to idolatry.
Conclusion
Understanding the Islamic perspective on sculpture enhances one’s appreciation of Islamic artistic traditions and legal principles. The strict prohibition serves to maintain the purity of worship and prevent any actions that divert attention from God. These principles underscore the fundamental Islamic values of monotheism and soul-centric devotion.
By integrating these key points, the dictionary entry provides a clear, concise, and well-rounded understanding of the topic, drawing on etymology, scriptural references, legal opinions, and scholarly interpretations.
