Sanctuary in Islam
Definition and Significance
In Islamic tradition, the concept of “Sanctuary” refers to the protection afforded to individuals seeking refuge within certain sacred spaces, particularly mosques. The Prophet Muhammad prohibited the execution of a murderer within the mosque, emphasizing the sanctity and inviolability of the sacred space (Mishkāt, book iv. ch. viii.). However, such individuals could be removed from the mosque and face justice outside the sacred premises. Similar rules apply to those guilty of theft.
Etymology
- Arabic: الحرم (Al-Haram)
- Turkish: Sığınma Yeri
The term “Haram” in Arabic broadly signifies something sacred or forbidden, with specific reference in this context to the sanctity and protection offered within a mosque.
Historical Context
Islamic Tradition
The custom of sanctuary in Islam can be traced back to various instances in Islamic legal compendiums and Prophet Muhammad’s teachings. The mosque, as a divine and communal space, served as a temporary refuge for individuals accused of severe crimes until justice could be properly administered outside.
Biblical Influence
The Islamic concept of sanctuary parallels the Levitical law of refuge from the Bible. In the Jewish tradition, six cities were designated as cities of refuge for involuntary manslayers (Deut. xix. 11, 12; Joshua xx.). The altar of burnt offerings also provided asylum for individuals who had committed minor offenses unintentionally.
Sanctuary in Other Religions
- Pagan Temples: According to W. E. H. Lecky, European Morals (vol. ii. p. 42), both Imperial statues and Pagan temples historically offered the right of sanctuary.
- Christian Church: The practice of sanctuary was also adopted within the Christian tradition, with Constantine introducing it according to Bingham (Antiquities, vol. ii. p. 554).
Legal Implications
The act of seeking sanctuary within a mosque underscores the profound respect for sacred spaces within Islamic jurisprudence. This legal tenet ensures that acts of justice maintain ethical standards, avoiding the desecration of places designated for worship and peace.
Books for Further Study
- “Mishkāt al-Masābīh” - A widely-accepted collection of Hadith.
- “European Morals” by W. E. H. Lecky - Provides context of sanctuary practices in European traditions.
- “Antiquities” by Joseph Bingham - Further explore the concept of sanctuary within early Christianity.
- “Law and Tradition in Classical Islamic Thought” - Examines the synthesis of legal and ethical norms in Islamic law.
Key Takeaways
- Sanctity and Laity: The mosque as a sanctuary highlights the sacred nature of Islamic places of worship.
- Historical Influence: The practice has parallels in Biblical law, illustrating a shared cultural heritage.
- Legal Boundaries: Protecting the dignity of sacred spaces while ensuring justice reflects the integrated approach of Islamic law.
Conclusion
The concept of sanctuary in Islam holds significant legal and ethical dimensions, emphasizing the protection of sacred spaces while balancing the pursuit of justice. Understanding the historical and religious contexts of this practice illuminates the shared human values across religious traditions.
