Salihi Tariqah
Definition
The Salihi Tariqah is a branch of the revivalist/reformist Sanusi tariqah that broke off from the main order in 1887. Founded by Muhammad ibn Salih al-Rashidi in Mecca, it became influential in Somalia, particularly through establishing agricultural settlements for runaway slaves and detribalized individuals. This tariqah declared a holy war against British imperialism in the early twentieth century, leading to its significant historical and regional impact.
Etymology and Translations
- Etymology: “Salihi” derives from the name of its founder, Muhammad ibn Salih, combined with “tariqah,” an Arabic word (طريقه) meaning “path” or “way” in Sufism.
- Arabic: الطريـقة الصاليحية (At-Tariqah As-Salihi)
- Turkish: Salihi Tarikatı
Historical Background
Origins
The Salihi Tariqah originated from the Sanusi order, which was a prominent Sufi order committed to Islamic revivalism. This offshoot was established by Muhammad ibn Salih al-Rashidi in 1887 in Mecca. An advocate of deep personal piety, al-Rashidi sought to promote a thorough and comprehensive application of Islamic principles to everyday life.
Influence in Somalia
The influence of the Salihi Tariqah spread to Somalia where it established agricultural settlements focused on integrating displaced peoples such as runaway slaves and detribalized segments of the population. This socio-economic aspect was significant as it promoted a more egalitarian and cohesive society under Islamic principles.
Political and Social Activism
One of the most notable actions of the Salihi Tariqah was its declaration of a holy war (jihad) against British imperialism in the early twentieth century. This was particularly marked by the activities surrounding Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Hasan, who was often referred to as the “Mad Mullah” by British colonialists. Under his leadership, the tariqah stressed the importance of self-governance and independence from colonial powers, grounding its stance in Islamic teachings.
Doctrinal Disputes
The Salihi Tariqah placed substantial emphasis on personal religiosity and clear monotheism, clashing significantly with other Sufi groups like the Uwaysi tariqah. The Salihi opposed practices such as the visitation of the tombs of saints and the belief that deceased saints could act as intercessors between people and God.
Key Related Figures
- Muhammad ibn Salih al-Rashidi: Founder of the Salihi Tariqah.
- Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Hasan: Key figure also known as the “Mad Mullah,” who led against British rule in Somalia.
Related Concepts and Sufis
- Sanusi Order
- Uwaysi Tariqah
- Ibn Idris, Ahmad
Suggested Books for Further Study
- Sufism and Islamic Reform in Egypt: The Battle for Islamic Tradition by Julian Johansen.
- The Sufi Orders in Islam by J. Spencer Trimingham.
- Warriors: Life and Death among the Somalis by Gerald Hanley.
- Islamic Revivalism in East Africa: The Al-Islah Movement in Somalia (1950-1980) by Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed.
Key Takeaways and Conclusion
The Salihi Tariqah demonstrates a vibrant intersection of Islamic piety, political activism, and socio-economic reform which marked its history and influence, particularly in East Africa. Its founding principles adhere firmly to monotheistic practices, Islamic law, and anti-imperialism. Understanding the tariqah offers key insights into the complexities of Islamic movements and their socio-political dimensions during the colonial and post-colonial periods.
Challenging colonial powers and framing a society rooted in Islamic piety, the Salihi Tariqah stood as a formidable example of Islamic reformist movements aimed at preserving religious practices while confronting socio-political injustices.
