Rukhsah
Definition
Rukhsah (Arabic: رخصة, Turkish: ruhsat) refers to an exception or concession to a general Islamic law, given to individuals in specific circumstances to preserve life or alleviate hardship. An example includes the allowance for a pregnant woman to refrain from fasting during Ramadan.
Etymology and Translation
- Arabic: رخصة (rukhsah)
- Turkish: Ruhsat
Context
In Islamic jurisprudence, rukhsah provides flexibility by exempting individuals who encounter extraordinary conditions that render the observance of specific duties impractical or detrimental. This flexibility is indicative of Islam’s concern for human welfare and its principle of removing hardship.
Usage in Sufism
In Sufism, rukhsah is contrasted with azimah (Arabic: عزيمة, Turkish: azimet), which signifies determination and strict adherence to higher moral and spiritual standards. Azimah is often considered the superior state for spiritual development, as it represents self-denial and rigor.
However, Islamic scholars generally do not criticize those who rightly opt for rukhsah since both rukhsah and azimah are considered valid in the eyes of God.
Examples of Rukhsah
- Fasting: A pregnant or breastfeeding woman, a sick person, or a traveler may be exempt from fasting during Ramadan.
- Prayer: Shortening prayers (qasr) for those traveling.
- Dietary Restrictions: Consumption of prohibited items in life-threatening situations.
Scholarly Insight
Approach to Rukhsah and Azimah
The diversity in the application reflects both the mercy inherent in Islamic law and its practical approach to human conditions. This understanding is crucial in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) where the principle to “facilitate not complicate” aligns thoroughly with the concept of rukhsah.
Recommended Reading
- “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” by Mohammad Hashim Kamali.
- “The Accessible Consistency: A Wide Ranging Disguise” by Mahmoud Ayoub.
- “Fasting in Islam” by Yves Jolivet.
Takeaways and Conclusion
Rukhsah ensures that Islamic law remains compassionate and applicable across diverse circumstances, maintaining a balance between obligations and the well-being of individuals. Azimah, while representing a higher spiritual pathway, does not undermine the legitimacy and importance of rukhsah. This dual approach exemplifies Islamic moderation conveying the distinctive flexibility within the Sharia.
Summary
Rukhsah is integral to Islamic principles and law, accommodating individual hardship without compromising essential religious commitments. Its contrast with azimah within Sufism highlights the depth and diversity in Islamic spirituality and ethical practices.
