Rāfiẓī (رافضى)
Definition
Rāfiẓī (رافضى)
- Translation: “A forsaker”
- Plural: Rawāfiẓ (روافض)
The term Rāfiẓī (رافضى) is commonly used within Islamic discourse to refer to individuals or groups, specifically a sect of Shīʿahs, who are perceived as “forsaking” certain orthodoxies, particularly during pivotal historical events. The synonymous term Rāfiẓah is also used, especially in historical contexts.
Etymology
- Arabic Root: The term originates from the Arabic root word R-F-Ḍ (ر-ف-ض), which means “to refuse” or “to reject.”
- Turkish Translation: In Turkish, the term is translated as Rafizi, maintaining a similar pronunciation and meaning.
Historical Context and Significance
The origin of the term ‘Rāfiẓī’ is deeply rooted in early Islamic history, specifically relating to internal conflicts and schisms within the Muslim community:
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Early Usage: Initially, it was applied to a body of soldiers who deserted their commander, highlighting the element of refusal and desertion.
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Shīʿah Sect:
- Connection with Zaid ibn ʿAlī: The term gained prominence in relation to a group of Shīʿahs who joined Zaid ibn ʿAlī, the great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad, during his revolt.
- Abū Bakr and ʿUmar Controversy: These individuals demanded that Zaid curse Abū Bakr and ʿUmar, the first two Caliphs revered by Sunnīs, but Zaid refused, leading to their desertion. As a result, they were labeled as ‘forsakers’ or ‘Rāfiẓī.’
- Aftermath: Zaid continued his struggle against the Umayyad caliphate but was eventually defeated with only a few loyal companions by his side.
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Contemporary Usage: Today, the term ‘Rāfiẓī’ is often used pejoratively by some Sunnī Muslims to describe Shīʿah Muslims, reflecting historical tensions and sectarian divides.
Books for Further Studies
For those interested in diving deeper into the concept of ‘Rāfiẓī’ and its implications within Islamic history and sectarianism, the following books are recommended:
- “A History of Shi’i Islam” by Farhad Daftary
- “Shi’ism: A Religion of Protest” by Hamid Dabashi
- “The Shīʿīs in History” by Said Amir Arjomand
Takeaways
- The term ‘Rāfiẓī’ has historical roots that extend into early Islamic history, where it was adopted to describe individuals who rejected certain norms or leaders.
- It highlights notable discord within the early Islamic community, particularly during the era of Zaid ibn ʿAlī.
- The term has evolved to often carry pejorative connotations in contemporary contexts, underlining ongoing sectarian divides within the broader Muslim world.
Conclusion
Understanding the term ‘Rāfiẓī’ is essential for comprehending the historical and ongoing sectarian dynamics within Islam. It reflects deeper theological and historical divergences and serves as a reminder of the complex and intricate nature of Muslim-Christian and intra-Muslim relations.
