Qutb, Sayyid

Introduction

Sayyid Qutb (d. 1966) was an influential Egyptian literary critic, novelist, poet, and a pivotal figure in Islamist thought and activism. As the brother of Muhammad Qutb, Sayyid is renowned for his philosophical and activist contributions that have significantly shaped modern Islamic ideology.

Etymology and Translations

• Arabic: سيد قطب (Sayyid Quṭb)
• Turkish: Seyyid Kutub

Early Life and Literary Career

Sayyid Qutb was born in 1906 in the village of Musha, Asyut, Egypt. His early career is marked by significant contributions to Egyptian literary and critical circles. He worked as a critic, novelist, and poet before turning towards Islamist activism.

Evolution Into Islamism

Qutb initially advocated for non-violent activism and believed that violence was only justified in self-defense. His travels to the United States in the late 1940s triggered a radical transformation in his worldview. Upon witnessing what he described as moral decay, racial discrimination, and materialism in American society, Qutb became disillusioned with Western ideologies and turned towards a more radical interpretation of Islam.

Core Beliefs

1. Islam as a Comprehensive Way of Life: Qutb viewed Islam as a complete system encompassing all aspects of life, where adherence to Islamic laws is paramount.
2. Jahiliyyah: He posited that contemporary society, even within the Islamic world, was in a state of jahiliyyah (ignorance), similar to pre-Islamic times.
3. Social Commitment and Activism: Qutb saw Islam as a call to social justice and activism, encouraging Muslims to actively remove any un-Islamic governance and establish a true Islamic state.

Political Activism and Affiliations

Qutb played a crucial role in connecting the Muslim Brotherhood with the Free Officers Movement, which facilitated the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy in 1952. He continued his activism under new regimes, often clashing with political authorities.

Imprisonment and Execution

Sayyid Qutb was imprisoned multiple times for his views and involvement with the Muslim Brotherhood. He was eventually tried and executed by the Egyptian state in 1966 for calling for the violent overthrow of the government.

Influence and Legacy

Sayyid Qutb remains a seminal figure in both Sunni and Shia Islamist movements. His ideas about the comprehensive application of Islamic principles and resistance to un-Islamic authorities continue to inspire activists and scholars.

1. Milestones:
   • “Milestones” (Ma’alim fi al-Tariq)
   • “In the Shade of the Quran” (Fi Zilal al-Quran)
2. Critical Views:
   • Influential in crafting contemporary Islamic discourse.
   • Critically analyzed both Western ideologies and traditional religious practices.

Suggested Books for Further Study

1. “Milestones” by Sayyid Qutb
2. “In the Shade of the Quran” by Sayyid Qutb
3. “Sayyid Qutb: The Life and Legacy of a Radical Islamic Intellectual” by James Toth
4. “American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion” by Paul M. Barrett

Takeaways and Conclusion

Sayyid Qutb’s lifework serves as a testament to the intricate blend of Islamic ideology with socio-political activism. His critical observations and interpretations underpin much of the modern Islamist movements, underscoring the importance of establishing a state governed solely by Islamic principles. Qutb’s articulation of a return to authentic Islamic values remains a powerful narrative in contemporary global religious discourse.

In conclusion, while Sayyid Qutb’s methodology and ideas are debated, his significant impact on Islamic thought and modern political Islamist movements is irrefutable. Qutb’s legacy invites continuous study and reflection on the evolving interpretation of Islamic principles in modern societal contexts.