The Qur'an: Editions and Translations

The Qur’an: Editions and Translations

Etymology and Significance

The term “Qur’an” (القرآن in Arabic) originates from the Arabic root “قرأ” (qara’a), meaning ’to read’ or ’to recite’. “Qur’an” translates to “the Recitation”. Understanding the sacred text of the Qur’an is crucial for Muslims as it is considered the verbatim word of God (Allah) revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel.

Early Editions of the Qur’an

First Printed Edition

The Qur’an was first printed in Arabic at Rome by Pagninus Brixiensis in 1530. However, this edition never gained public access, either being burned or remaining unpublished.

European Editions

1. A. Hinkelmann (1649, Hamburg): Published under the title “Al-Coranus, seu lex Islamitica”.
2. Ludovico Marracci (1698, Padua): Published “Alcorani textus universus” with a Latin translation and extensive commentaries and a preface refuting the Qur’an.

Russian Editions

Catherine II of Russia ordered an annotated edition of the Qur’an published in St. Petersburg in 1787. Reprinted multiple times between 1787 and 1843, this edition was significant for its widespread distribution within Russia.

Critical Editions

G. Flügel’s “Corani textus arabicus” (1834) in Leipzig became renowned as the first critical edition. Followed by further editions in 1842 and 1869, it set a standard for textual accuracy.

Commentaries and Annotated Editions

• H.O. Fleisher (1846, Leipzig): Published a version that included the text of the Qur’an with al-Baiẓāwī’s commentary.

Translations of the Qur’an

The Qur’an has been translated into many languages, facilitated both by Muslim scholars and non-Muslim academics.

Notable Muslim Translations

Translations exist in Persian, Urdu, Pashto, Turkish, Javanese, and Malay. These translations often include interlinear Arabic text to ensure fidelity to the original scripture.

European Translations

1. Robert of Retina and Hermann of Dalmatia (1143, Latin): Commissioned by Peter, Abbot of Clugny. Published in Basle, 1543.
2. M. Du Ryer (1647, French): This translation influenced subsequent European translators.
3. George Sale (1734, English): Became one of the most well-known English translations.
4. J.M. Rodwell (1861, English): Arranged Surahs in chronological order.
5. E.H. Palmer (1880, English): An authoritative Oxford Press edition.

Modern Translations

1. Roman-Urdu Edition (Allahabad, 1844): A transliteration from ʿAbdu ʾl-Qādir’s Urdu translation.
2. French Translations: By Savary (1783) and Kasimirski (1840, 1841, 1857).
3. German: Significant efforts by Boysen (1773), G. Wahl (1828), and L. Ullmann (1840, 1853).

Suggestion for Further Studies

• “The Qur’an: A New Translation” by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem: Offers an accessible and scholarly translation.
• “An Introduction to the Qur’an” by Abdullah Saeed: Provides comprehensive academic insights into the history and themes of the Qur’an.
• “Approaches to the Qur’an” edited by G.R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader A. Shareef: A collection of essays covering diverse scholarly perspectives.

Takeaways and Conclusion

The Qur’an has had a complex history of translation and interpretation, reflecting its significance in Islam and its global influence. From its first printing in the 16th century to contemporary translations, the dedicated work of scholars ensures its accessibility to a diverse global audience. Understanding these editions and translations grants deeper insights into the cultural and theological dimensions of the Islamic faith.

By recognizing the extensive efforts invested in the translation and dissemination of the Qur’an, we acknowledge its enduring role in shaping religious, philosophical, and cultural discourses worldwide.