Qawwali
Definition
Qawwali is a form of group song genre within Hindustani light classical music that is specifically designed to present mystical poetry in languages including Persian, Hindi, and Urdu. It is a central component of Chishti Sufi assemblies, intended to produce deep religious emotion and spiritual ecstasy.
Etymology and Translations
The term Qawwali (Arabic: قوَّالي; Turkish: Kâvâlî) derives from the Arabic word “qaul” (قول) which means “to speak” or “utterance”. The suffix “wali” indicates a person who engages in an act, hence “Qawwali” implies “one who speaks” or “utters”.
Historical Background
Qawwali has deep roots in Sufism, particularly within the Chishti Order of South Asia. Originating in the 13th century in the Indian subcontinent, this genre was developed by Amir Khusro, a famous poet, musician, and a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya.
Characteristics
Qawwali compositions often include Ghazals, Hamds, and Naats:
- Ghazals: Poems expressing the pain of loss or separation.
- Hamds: Poems glorifying God.
- Naats: Poems in praise of the Prophet Muhammad.
Qawwalis are intricate compositions involving a lead singer (often called the Qawwal), chorus singers, harmonium, tabla, dholak, and sometimes additional classical musical instruments.
Performance Practice
Qawwali performances typically take place in Sufi shrines or dargahs. These sessions are both social and mystical, aiming to achieve a state of spiritual trance or wajd. Often, the musicians are hereditary specialists who are patronized by Sufi orders.
Global Recognition
Although deeply rooted in Islamic culture, Qawwali gained global popularity in the late 20th century. Renowned artists like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and the Sabri Brothers played crucial roles in introducing Qawwali to the international audience, turning it into a celebrated form of world music.
Literature for Further Study
- Regula Qureshi, Sufi Music of India and Pakistan: Sound, Context, and Meaning in Qawwali
- Allan F. Moore, Qawwali: The Hyderabad Sayidi Collection
- Peter Manuel, North Indian Popular Music in South Asian Contexts
Takeaways
Qawwali is a profound, expressive form of spiritual music deeply embedded in Sufi traditions. It serves both as a means of communal ecstatic experience and a rich cultural artifact promoting mystical poetry and contemplation.
Conclusion
Understanding Qawwali provides insight into the melodic and poetic traditions of Sufi Islam and its significant impact on both regional and global cultural landscapes. This musical genre reflects centuries of religious fervor, artistic expression, and musical innovation.
