Qabḍ wa Basṭ in Sufism

Qabḍ wa Basṭ (قبض و بسط‎)

Definition

Qabḍ wa Basṭ (قبض و بسط) are two terms commonly used in Sufi mysticism to describe two opposite states of the heart or soul. Qabḍ (قبض) refers to a state of spiritual contraction or constriction, whereas Basṭ (بسط) signifies a state of spiritual expansion and joy.

Etymology and Translation

• Qabḍ (قبض): Derived from the Arabic root ق-ب-ض, meaning “to seize” or “to grasp”. It signifies a tightening or constriction of spiritual feelings.
• Basṭ (بسط): From the Arabic root ب-س-ط, translating to “to spread” or “to expand”. It denotes the expansion of the heart, leading to spiritual openness and joy.

Translation in Turkish

• Qabḍ: Kalp sıkışması (literally “heart contraction”)
• Basṭ: Kalp genişlemesi (literally “heart expansion”)

Significance in Sufism

In Sufi thought, spiritual journeys are profoundly affected by fluctuations between states of qabḍ and basṭ. These states represent the dynamic nature of an individual’s inner experience and relationship with the Divine.

1. Qabḍ:

   • Description: A phase where the soul experiences spiritual narrowness or contraction. It may involve feelings of distress, anxiety, or internal struggle.
   • Purpose: Teaches patience and resilience, serving as a moment for self-reflection and deeper understanding of one’s reliance on God.

2. Basṭ:

   • Description: A phase marked by spiritual expansion and elation, leading to an overwhelming sense of joy, love, and connection with the Divine.
   • Purpose: Encourages spiritual growth, openness, and a profound sense of gratitude.

Practical Insights from Sufi Practices

Sufis emphasize that experiencing both qabḍ and basṭ is essential for true spiritual development. These oscillations ensure a balanced approach to spirituality, preventing complacency in times of basṭ and fostering hope in periods of qabḍ.

Further Reading

1. “The Seeker’s Path: Being the Islamic Philosophy of the Mystical Tradition” by S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi.
2. “The Sufi Path of Knowledge” by William C. Chittick.
3. “The Station of No Station: Open Secrets of the Sufis” by Nargis Virani.
4. “ʿAbdu’r-Razzāq’s Dictionary of Ṣūfī Terms”.

Key Takeaways and Conclusion

• Qabḍ and Basṭ are crucial concepts in Sufism, reflecting the internal dynamics of a believer’s heart.
• Accepting and understanding these states facilitate a closer relationship with the Divine and promote emotional and spiritual maturity.
• These concepts underscore the importance of balance and resilience in one’s spiritual journey.

Qabḍ and Basṭ illustrate the sophisticated nature of spiritual experiences in Sufism, providing valuable insights for both practitioners and scholars interested in Islamic spirituality.