Introduction
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the founder of Islam, is considered by Muslims as the last Messenger and Prophet sent by God to guide humanity. Born in 570 CE in Mecca, Muhammad’s life and teachings have had a profound influence on the world. This entry explores significant milestones in his life, including his notable correspondences with leaders, domestic dynamics, military expeditions, and final days.
Correspondences with Leaders
To the Emperor of Byzantine
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) sent letters to various leaders, inviting them to embrace Islam. One such letter was to Hiraql (Heraclius), the Qaiṣar (Caesar) of Rūm (Rome):
<p>“In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, Muḥammad, who is the servant of God, and His Apostle, to Hiraql, the Qaiṣar of Rūm. Peace be on whoever has gone on the straight road. After this I say, Verily, I call you to Islām…”</p>
To the King of Persia
Similarly, the Prophet wrote to Kasra-Parwiz, King of Persia, who tore the letter in pieces:
<p>“Even so shall his kingdom be shattered to pieces,” Muhammad (PBUH) remarked upon hearing the news.</p>
To Najāshī, King of Abyssinia
Najāshī received Muhammad’s message with honor and later accepted Islam, showcasing the positive influence of the Prophet’s diplomatic efforts.
To the Governor of Egypt
Jarīḥ ibn Matta, the Muqauqis of Egypt, sent back a polite reply and two Coptic slave girls, one of whom, Māriyah, became a wife to the Prophet and bore him a son, Ibrāhīm.
Domestic Challenges
Revelation of Surah al-Tahrim
Due to complaints by his wives, especially ʿĀyishah and Ḥafṣah, about visits to Māriyah, Muhammad faced significant domestic challenges. The situation led to the revelation of Surah al-Tahrim (66:1-5), guiding Muhammad in matters involving his household and oaths.
Military Expeditions
Campaigns Against Jewish Tribes
In A.H. 7, Muhammad assembled a force and marched on the Jewish stronghold of Khaibar. Despite strong resistance, the district was brought under Muslim control, leading to the subjugation of several Jewish districts.
Treaty of al-Hudaibiyah
During the sacred month of Ẕū ʾl-Qaʿdah in A.H. 8, Muhammad and his followers performed the ʿUmrah as part of the ten-year truce that allowed Muslims unmolested visits to the Ka’bah.
Expanding Influence
Other significant military episodes include the Treaty of al-Hudaibiyah, the campaigns against tribes such as the Banī S̤aqīf and Banī Hawāzin, and the final, peaceful conquest of Mecca, which paved the way for the spread of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula.
Final Days and Death
Struggling with illness, the Prophet spent his final days under the care of his wife ʿAyesha. He passed away in her lap on 8th June 632 CE, and was buried in what is now the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina.
Etymology
The name Muḥammad (مُحَمَّد) linguistically derives from the Arabic root “ḥ-m-d” (ح م د), which means “to praise” or “to laud.” In Turkish, it is rendered “Muhammed.” Another name foretold in Christian scriptures, Aḥmad (أَحْمَد), signifies someone who praises or an esteemed person.
Recommended Readings
- “Life of Mahomet” by Sir William Muir
- A seminal piece of scholarship offering detailed accounts of the Prophet’s life.
- “The Sealed Nectar” by Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
- A comprehensive biography awarded by the Muslim World League.
- “In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad” by Tariq Ramadan
- A modern interpretation and insightful analysis of the Prophet’s life and his message.
Takeaways
- Historical Context: Understanding the geopolitical and social landscape of 7th-century Arabia provides insight into Muhammad’s mission and strategies.
- Domestic and Diplomatic Challenges: The Prophet’s life encapsulates balancing public duties and domestic responsibilities amidst evolving challenges.
- Final Days and Legacy: The concluding chapter underscores the enduring human and spiritual attributes that define Muhammad’s legacy.
Conclusion
Prophet Muhammad’s life story is not just about his spiritual journey but also his strategic and leadership capabilities that led to the establishment and expansion of Islam. Every aspect, from his diplomatic correspondences to his handling of domestic issues and military campaigns, offers insights into his character and mission. His legacy continues to guide millions of Muslims worldwide, reflecting the profound impact of his life and teachings.
