Definition
Polygyny is the practice according to which one man may have several wives simultaneously. This practice, which predates Islam, is rooted in the social and legal contexts of ancient Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean region. Within the framework of Islamic tradition, the Qur’an restricts the number of wives a man may marry to four, provided he can treat them fairly and justly (Qur’an 4:3).
Etymology
- Polygyny (Eng): Derived from Greek “poly-” (many) and “gyny” (women).
- Arabic: تعدد الزوجات (ta’addud al-zawjāt)
- Turkish: Çok karılılık
Historical Context
Polygyny is a practice that existed long before the advent of Islam. The pre-Islamic societies of Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean recognized and practiced polygyny as a social norm. This historical context provided the backdrop for how Islamic law (Sharia) would later frame and regulate the practice.
Qur’anic Regulations
Islamic texts, particularly the Qur’an, address the practice of polygyny directly. The Qur’an places conditions on polygyny: a man may marry up to four wives only if he can deal with them equitably. This directive is found in Chapter 4, Verse 3 of the Qur’an:
<p>“But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one or those your right hand possesses. That is more suitable that you may not incline [to injustice].” (Surah An-Nisa, 4:3)</p>
Shi’a Perspective
There is some debate among Shi’a scholars regarding whether the Qur’anic limitation applies exclusively to permanent marriages or if it also encompasses mut’ah (temporary marriages).
Modern Legislation
Several modern Islamic nations have either outlawed or regulated polygyny through various laws, reflecting the evolving social and legal contexts:
- Egypt: 1920
- Sudan: 1929
- India: 1939
- Jordan: 1951
- Syria: 1953
- Tunisia: 1956
- Morocco: 1958
- Iraq: 1959
- Pakistan: 1961
- Turkey: 1971
- South Yemen: 1974
Despite these changes, many traditionalists maintain that a man’s right to marry up to four wives is essential to the Islamic concept of marriage.
Books for Further Studies
- “Polygamy in Islam” by Abdur Rahman Doi
- “Without Justice: Women and Wealth in Islamic Society” by Lois Beck and Nikki R. Keddie
- “Family in Islam” by Klaus Ferdinand
Takeaways
- Rooted in Pre-Islamic Practice: Polygyny existed before Islam and was common in ancient societies.
- Qur’anic Limitations: The Qur’an permits polygyny but restricts it to a maximum of four wives with the condition of equitable treatment.
- Modern Regulations: Various Islamic nations have legislated against or regulated the practice, reflecting complex shifts in societal norms.
- Ongoing Debates: The relevance and application of polygyny continue to be subjects of debate among Islamic scholars and policymakers.
Conclusion
Polygyny, as it is outlined in Islamic tradition, signifies an interesting intersection of historical practice, religious methodologies, and modern societal values. Understanding its origins, regulations, and contemporary implications provides deeper insights into the intricate array of Islamic family laws.
