Jizyah in Islam
Definition
Jizyah (Arabic: الجزية) is a form of tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects (referred to as dhimmis) within an Islamic state. The term “poll-tax” is a direct translation indicating that it is a per capita tax applied to each individual.
Etymology
The term Jizyah derives from the Arabic root (ج ز ي - j-z-y), which connotes compensation or reparation. The word appears in the Qur’an, specifically in Surah At-Tawbah (9:29), where it is referred to in the context of agreements between Muslim authorities and non-Muslims.
Arabic Translation: الجزية
Turkish Translation: Cizye
Historical Background
Jizyah was implemented during the early Islamic Caliphates as part of a broader legal and social framework which granted protection and certain rights to non-Muslim residents who lived under Muslim rule. In return for paying the tax, dhimmis were exempted from military service and received state protection.
Theological Significance
Jizyah has significant theological implications:
- Qur’anic Basis: The concept is endorsed in the Qur’an, suggesting divine approval for such practices.
- Hadith Literature: Numerous traditions (hadiths) describe the collection and exemptions related to Jizyah, further embedding it in the Islamic legal and ethical discourse.
Legal and Socio-political Implications
Jizyah highlights the Islamic legal system’s approach to religious diversity:
- Dhimmis’ Rights: Non-Muslims maintained their religious practices and social autonomy while contributing economically to the state.
- Economic Aspect: The tax was both a source of revenue for the Islamic state and a signifier of a non-Muslim’s protected status.
Modern Interpretations
In contemporary discourse, the application of Jizyah is predominantly historical. Modern Islamic scholars and legal experts debate its relevance and application in today’s states, considering global notions of citizenship and human rights.
Recommended Books for Further Study
- “The Ordinances of Government” by Al-Mawardi: A classic text that lays out the administrative theory and principles governing Islamic states, including taxation systems.
- “Islamic Law and Society” by Emile Tyan: This book explores the historical development and various aspects of Islamic law which includes financial aspects such as Jizyah.
- “Dhimmis and Others: Jews and Christians and the World of Classical Islam” by Norman Stillman: A detailed exploration of the social status and legal prescriptions surrounding non-Muslims in historical Islamic empires.
Takeaways
- Historical Practice: Jizyah was historically a measure to integrate non-Muslims into the Islamic state without forcing conversion.
- Theological Grounding: Its basis in the Qur’an and Hadith underscores its importance within Islamic jurisprudence.
- Contemporary Relevance: The application of Jizyah has evolved and requires careful consideration in modern Islamic scholarship and governance.
Conclusion
The concept of Jizyah serves as a historical window into the administration of justice and religious tolerance in Islamic governance. While its historical application shaped the dynamics between Muslims and non-Muslims, its modern relevance remains a subject of scholarly debate.
