Pharaoh (Firʿaun)
Definition and Etymology
Pharaoh (Arabic: فرعون, transliterated: Firʿaun): Derived from the Hebrew word פַּרְעֹה (Par’oh), “Pharaoh” is the term used in both Islam and Judeo-Christian traditions to denote the monarchs of ancient Egypt.
Significance in Islamic Tradition
In Islamic theology, the term “Pharaoh” specifically refers to the antagonistic king during the time of Prophet Moses (Musa). He embodies wickedness and tyranny, often mentioned symbolically in the Qur’an to represent obstinate disbelief and oppression.
Historical Context
Al-Baiḍāwī, an esteemed Islamic scholar, elaborates that “Pharaoh” was a titular designation for the rulers of Egypt, akin to “Cæsar” for Roman emperors. Various opinions exist regarding the personal name of the Pharaoh who opposed Moses:
- Some suggest it was al-Walīd ibn Muṣ’ab.
- Others propose it was Muṣ’ab ibn Raiyām.
- Another theory is that his name was Qābūs.
Islamic Narratives and Interpretation
In the Islamic tradition, it is narrated that Pharaoh lived an extraordinary lifespan of 620 years. According to Abū ʾl-Fidāʾ, Pharaoh’s father, Muṣ’ab, received a divine forewarning of Pharaoh’s birth through a miraculous occurrence involving a cow.
Pharaoh is prominently featured in the Qur’an:
- Surah 38:11 calls him “Firʿaun Ẕū ʾl-Autād” or “Pharaoh the master of the Stakes”. This term is interpreted variably: some suggest it refers to his kingdom’s strength, and others view it as instruments of torture and execution.
- The narrative of Pharaoh’s demise is detailed in the Qur’an, where he and his forces drowned in the Red Sea (Surah 10:90-92). Islamic commentators add that Gabriel ensured Pharaoh’s body did not sink, ensuring it served as a dire example for future generations.
Related Figures and Comparative Analysis
Pharaoh of Joseph’s Time
- Identified as Raiyān ibn al-Walīd al-ʿAmlīqī, who predates the Pharʿaun in Moses’ time.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Qur’an and the Bible” by Gabriel Said Reynolds - An illuminating comparison between these primary religious texts.
- “Prophets in the Qur’an: An Introduction to the Qur’an and Muslim Exegesis” by Brannon M. Wheeler - Offers context and analysis of the prophetic narratives, including Moses and Pharaoh.
- “Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest” by David Rohl - Provides a historical perspective on the Pharaohs mentioned in biblical and Qur’anic narratives.
Takeaways and Conclusion
The Pharaoh (Firʿaun) remains a significant figure in Islamic theology, representing the quintessential tyrant and adversary of divine guidance as embodied by Moses. His story is used didactically in the Qur’an to emphasize the consequences of hubris and rebellion against divine commands. Anchored in rich historical and religious context, Firʿaun’s legacy serves as a perpetual caution to believers.
By examining the historical, theological, and cultural layers associated with the Pharaoh, one gains a deeper understanding of his role in Islamic tradition and scripture.
This entry provides a comprehensive look at the figure of Pharaoh (Firʿaun) in Islamic culture, encompassing etymology, historical context, Islamic narratives, and scholarly references for a well-rounded understanding.
