Orphans (Yatīm) in Islam
Definition
The term “orphan,” in Arabic “yatīm” (يتيم), with the plural form being “yatāmā” (يتامى), refers specifically to a child whose father has passed away. In Islamic law (Sharia), orphans hold a notable status and are given special consideration and protection.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: Yatīm (يتيم)
- Turkish: Yetim
The root of “yatīm” in Arabic connotes the concept of being alone or without support, reflective of the vulnerable state of a child who has lost his or her father.
Islamic Legal Context
The Qur’an provides explicit instructions regarding the treatment and rights of orphans. Key guidelines are found in Surah An-Nisa (Chapter 4), verses 2-7:
<p>“And give to the orphans their property and substitute not worthless things of your own for their valuable ones, and enjoy not their property in addition to your own; verily this is a great crime: and if ye are apprehensive that ye shall not deal fairly with orphans, then, of other women who seem good in your eyes, marry but two, or three, or four; and if ye still fear that ye shall not act equitably, then one only, or the slaves whom ye have acquired; this will make justice on your part easier. And give women their dowry as a free gift; but if of their own free will they kindly give up aught thereof to you, then enjoy it as convenient and profitable. And entrust not to the incapable the substance which God hath placed with you as a means of support, but maintain them therewith; and clothe them, and speak to them with kindly speech. And make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage; and if ye perceive in them a sound judgment, then hand over their substance to them; but consume ye it not profusely and hastily. Only because they have attained their majority. And let the rich guardian not even touch it; and let him who is poor, then use it for his support with discretion. And when ye make over their substance to them, then take witnesses in their presence. God also taketh a sufficient account.” (Qur’an 4:2-7)</p>
Commentary and Interpretations
Islamic scholars and commentators, such as Al-Bayḍāwī and the Jalālān, provide varied interpretations of these verses. Mr. Sale’s translation advises that the followers of Muhammad should avoid potential wrongdoing towards orphans, such as marrying them for wealth or beauty. He further emphasizes that justice and equitable treatment are pivotal when caring for orphans.
Some scholars suggest that these verses were revealed in response to certain societal behaviors at the time—men often married multiple women while neglecting orphans under their care. To avoid these issues, Islam introduced structured guidelines to ensure orphans’ rights and well-being.
Books for Further Studies
- “The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
- “In the Shadow of the Qur’an” by Sayyid Qutb
- “The Qur’an: A New Translation” by Tarif Khalidi
Takeaways
- Rights of Orphans: Islamic law mandates special care and respect for orphans, including the proper handling of their property and assets.
- Marriage and Orphans: Moral responsibility towards orphans is intertwined with marital laws to ensure justice.
- Societal Responsibility: The protection of orphans signifies broader social responsibilities within the Muslim community.
Conclusion
The term “yatīm” in Islamic tradition signifies more than just the status of a fatherless child; it underlines a community’s duty to protect and support its vulnerable members. By recognizing and upholding the rights of orphans as illustrated in the Qur’an, Muslims are reminded of the collective responsibility to foster a just and caring society.
By exploring these facets, one gains a deeper understanding of the compassionate framework within Islamic teachings surrounding orphans and their care.
