Ancient region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, significant for its strategic and commercial importance, and its historical empires and cities.
Belief in the appearance of a religio-political figure who will lead society to justice at the end of time, a concept shared by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Muhammad’s Night Journey to heaven, significant in Sufi poetry and spiritual ascension.
Archangel Michael in Islamic tradition
Definition and historical context of the Mihna Inquisition instituted by Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun.
An ornamental arched niche set into the wall of a mosque to indicate the direction of Mecca
Explore the role and significance of Mīkā'īl (ميكائيل) in Islamic tradition. Understand how the archangel Michael is perceived in Islamic theology and his contributions according to Quranic verses and Hadith.
Explore the significance of the Archangel Michael (Mīkāʾīl) in Islam, including his mention in the Qur'an and his role in Islamic theology.
Millet refers to a self-governing religious community within the Ottoman Empire, primarily encompassing non-Muslim groups granted autonomy under their own civil and religious rules. The term later evolved to mean 'nation' in modern Turkish.
A tower on a mosque from which the call to prayer is issued five times daily, often featuring a cylindrical shaft and a spiral staircase.
A Persian philosopher and theologian from the Safavid period, notable for synthesizing Ibn Sina's peripatetic philosophy and Hikmat al-Ishraq’s illumination philosophy.
Sufi teacher and founder of the Khatmiyya Sufi order, influential in Nilotic Sudan in the 19th century.
Explore the concept of 'Mit̤raqah,' understood as the iron hammer or mace used in Islamic eschatology for the punishment of sinners in their graves by the angels Munkar and Nakīr.
The balance held by Gabriel on the Day of Judgment for weighing deeds and faith.
Reformist thinker and influential journalist known for his contributions to the reformist movement in Malay society.
The Mongols, a tribal people from the inner Asian steppe, who under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors, established a vast empire from Korea to Hungary in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
The Moors were Berbers from Northwest Africa who conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711 CE.
Iranian Prime Minister who championed oil nationalization and was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup.
Moses, known as Musa in Islam, is a prophet who played a significant role in leading the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and is recognized for various miraculous events.
Discover the meaning, history, and cultural significance of the mosque (masjid) in Islam. Learn about its etymological roots and its role in the spiritual and communal life of Muslims.
An exploration of mourning practices in Islam and their theological and cultural significance.
Discover the term 'Mu'āhid,' its etymology, and importance within Islamic jurisprudence. Learn about the historical and contemporary context of Mu'āhid as a non-Muslim who enters into a covenant with a Muslim state.
Eighth-century Islamic theological school emphasizing God's absolute uniqueness, unity, and justice.
First Umayyad caliph and influential figure in early Islamic history, known for his opposition to Ali and his role in transitioning the Islamic caliphate into an imperial monarchy.
Discover the term 'Mubārāt' (مباراة) in Islamic law, its meaning, implications in divorce proceedings, and comparison with Khulʿ.
A preeminent Imami Shii jurist and theologian who significantly influenced Shii thought in Buwayhid Baghdad
A Muslim empire on the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526 and notable for its cultural, administrative, and architectural accomplishments.
A political movement begun by Pakistanis of North Indian descent, aimed at eradicating feudalism in Pakistan, later renamed to Muttahida Qaumi Movement
Explore the designation 'Muḥammad' within the Islamic tradition, its occurrences in the Qur’an, and its profound significance. Understand the role and legacy of the Prophet Muḥammad in the Islamic faith.
Saudi opposition figure and leader of the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, known for his advocacy and use of international media.
Macedonian Ottoman dynasty that ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1952, contributing to significant modernization efforts and later falling under British influence before being overthrown.
An influential figure in Ismaili Shii Islam, notable as the seventh imam and marked with a significant messianic role.
Explore the lives of the Wives of Prophet Muhammad, known as al-azwāju ʾl-mut̤ahharāt (الازواج المطهرات). Understand their backgrounds, relationships with the Prophet, and their significance in Islamic history.
A type of Sufi order that bases its authority on the assimilation of the spirituality of Prophet Muhammad, including visions of the Prophet.
Javanese Islamic reformist movement founded by Kiyai Hadji Ahmad Dahlan in 1912, focusing on religious, educational, and social reforms in Indonesia.
First month of the Islamic lunar calendar; significant for both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims with historical and religious events, including the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
Discover the importance of Muḥarram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, and the various rituals observed, especially among Shīʿah and Sunnī Muslims, in commemoration of historical events, particularly the martyrdom of Al-Ḥusain.
Explore the term 'Muhāyāt,' its etymology, and legal implications within Islamic law. Understand how partition of usufruct is treated compared to the partition of property according to Islamic jurisprudence.
Explore the term 'MUḤĀẒARAH,' its spiritual significance in Sufism, and its usage in relation to the practice of Ẕikr. Understand how this concept facilitates deeper spiritual connection and contemplation of God's attributes.
Explore the concept of Muḥrim, a pilgrim in a state of Iḥrām, within the Islamic tradition. Understand the conditions, dress, and significance of this state during the pilgrimage.
Legal concept describing the personal status of an individual concerning chastity and marital status
An official in classical Islamic administrations responsible for enforcing public morality and overseeing public welfare
An Islamic renewer who initiates tajdīd (renewal) and comes at the beginning of each century to renew the faith and correct the practice of Muslims
Scholar and key figure in the Naqshbandi tariqah in Afghanistan, transitional president of Afghanistan in 1992.
A term referring to individuals engaged in jihad, often translated as 'warriors of God.'
A religious but anticlerical organization constituting the main opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Definition and comprehensive understanding of a Mujtahid in Islamic philosophy and law.
Understand the term 'Mukārī,' a legal designation for individuals who rent out horses, camels, and similar goods. Learn about its implications and usage in Islamic context.
Concise handbook of legal treatises, characterized by neatness and clarity
Learn about the term 'Mukʿhaddarah (مخدرة),' its implications, and usage in the Islamic context. Understand the legal and cultural meanings associated with a woman in a state of purity and veiled.
Explore the term 'Mulḥaq,' its etymology, and its profound significance in Sufism, particularly in describing the esoteric connection between the human soul and the divine essence.
A high religious functionary in Shii Islam, primarily within the Safavid institution, responsible for religious scholarship and legal advisement.
Title used to identify a religious functionary, cleric, or someone with religious education in the Islamic tradition.
Reclusive and enigmatic supreme leader of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan who emerged as a significant figure in the 1990s.
A form of public debate in classical Islam characterized by questions and answers, originally theological, later extended to other fields.
Influential Iranian Grand Ayatollah and student of Ayatollah Khomeini known for his opposition to Iran's clerical government.
Three-dimensional architectural ornamentation associated with Islamic architecture, noted for its intricate geometric niches and pendant elements.
Historical Islamic tax system characterized by share-cropping contracts existing from 628 until the late sixteenth century.
Learn about the term 'Muqauqis,' its historical significance in Islamic context and the relationship between the Roman Viceroy of Egypt and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Learn about the term 'Muqtadī,' its role, definition, and significance in Islamic rituals, particularly in congregational prayers. Understand the responsibilities and actions expected from a Muqtadī.
Disciple or aspirant in a Sufi order who follows the guidance of a Sufi master
Explore the term 'Murīd,' its meanings, and significance within Sufi mysticism. Learn about the journey and responsibilities of a Murīd and their relationship with their spiritual guide or Murshid.
A prominent Sufi order in Senegal, emphasizing spiritual knowledge and agricultural labor.
Theological school in Islam emphasizing postponement of judgment and God's mercy, opposed to Kharijite puritanism.
One who guides and directs novices and disciples in the Sufi path to mystical knowledge of God.
Learn about the term 'Murtadd,' its implications, and usage in the Islamic context. Understand what entails apostasy, and the legal and theological ramifications in Islamic teachings.
An influential Iranian religious scholar, writer, and close associate of Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his significant contributions to Islamic philosophy and jurisprudence.
Musa, Nabawiyyah (d. 1951): Egyptian feminist, nationalist, writer, and educator. Promoted education and work for women as a means of individual and national liberation.
Explore the term 'Muṣāfaḥah' (مصافحة), its etymology, cultural significance, and role in Islamic tradition. Learn about the practice of shaking hands, its ties to forgiveness, and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad regarding Muṣāfaḥah.
Explore the term 'Musāmarah,' its origins, and its unique role in Sufi practice and Islamic mysticism, where it signifies God's intimate discourse with the heart of a believer.
Seventh-century self-proclaimed prophet and contemporary of Muhammad.
Explore the concept of 'Mushāhadah' in Islamic mysticism, its etymology, significance, and how it pertains to spiritual enlightenment in Sufism.
A historical and political overview of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, a pivotal Islamist organization founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna.
A historical and political overview of the Muslim Brotherhood's activities and influence in Sudan.
An Islamic revivalist organization in Syria, established in the 1930s, dedicated to promoting Muslim education, ethics, and anti-imperialist sentiments.
Federation of major Sunni Muslim organizations in Britain, engaged in media, education, politics, and legal matters.
Scholar and author of one of the six canonical hadith collections in Islam.
A political organization founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests in British India, leading to the creation of Pakistan.
Ethnographic and theological insights into Muslim populations living as political and religious minorities in non-Muslim majority societies.
An organization of Nigerian Muslim college students founded in the 1960s, aimed at educational reform and influenced by Abubakar Gumi.
An international Islamic non-governmental organization founded in 1962 in Saudi Arabia to address concerns and promote the interests of the Muslim ummah on a global scale.
The Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa (MYMSA) is a religious and cultural organization founded in 1970, evolving from revivalist influences to address issues of racial discrimination, gender justice and fostering unity after apartheid.
Intentional, structured encounters between Muslims and Christians to express views and listen respectfully.
An examination of the term 'Mustadafūn,' its etymology, historical significance, and usage in Islamic intellectual history and revolutionary Iran.
Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar known for his advocacy of social, legal, and educational reforms.
Egyptian Islamist philosopher, author, scientist, and social activist
Eighth Fatimid Ismaili imam/caliph in Egypt (r. 1036–94)
Explore the term 'Mustaʾmin,' its origin, and its usage within the context of Islamic jurisprudence. Understand what it signifies for foreigners seeking security and immunity in Muslim territories.
A private and verbal marriage contract between a man and an unmarried woman for a specified period of time; predominantly practiced among Twelver Shi'is.
Learn about the term 'Mutawallī,' its implications, and role in managing Islamic religious foundations. Understand the responsibilities and duties associated with this important legal term within the Islamic context.
Highest classification of a tradition in hadith criticism characterized by an established series of reliable transmitters in every generation.
Malaysian intellectual and human rights activist known for his work on human rights, intercivilizational dialogue, and progressive political movements.
Explore the concept of Muẓārabah, a form of partnership in Islamic finance where one party provides capital while the other offers expertise and labor. Learn about its legal definitions, applications, and significance in the Muslim world.
A narrow mountain pass just outside of Mecca where pilgrims on the hajj spend the night praying and resting in the open under the desert sky, experiencing one of the most ascetic spiritual practices of the hajj.
Explore the role of a Muʿallim (معلم) as a teacher in Islamic tradition, its etymological roots, and its various usages and significances, including philosophical and Sufi contexts.
