Muḥammad (محمد)
Definition
Muḥammad (محمد), meaning “The Praised One,” is the central figure of Islam, acknowledged as the “Prophet of God” (Nabi Allah) and the final prophet in a succession of Islamic prophets. He is believed to have received divine revelation from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel, which is compiled in the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam.
Etymology
The name “Muḥammad” is derived from the Arabic root “ḥ-m-d” (ح-م-د) meaning “to praise”. The exact term “محمد” directly translates to “Praised” or “Commended”. Sometimes, his name is spelled Mohammed, Mohomed, or Mahomet in various transliterations.
- Arabic: محمد
- Turkish: Muhammed
Early Life
Muḥammad was born around the year 570 CE into the prominent Quraish tribe of Makkah. His father, ʿAbdullāh, died before his birth, and his mother Āminah passed away when he was six years old. He was subsequently cared for by his grandfather, ʿAbdu ʾl-Mut̤t̤alib, and later by his uncle Abū T̤ālib. The young Muḥammad was known for his honesty and reliability, earning him the nickname “Al-Amīn” (The Trustworthy).
The Early Revelations
At the age of 40, while meditating in the Cave of Hira, Muḥammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. The initial revelation contained the first verses of the Qur’an, Sūrah Al-ʿAlaq (96:1-5), commanding him to “Read” in the name of the Lord. This marked the beginning of his prophetic mission.
The Message and its Reception
Muḥammad’s message emphasized monotheism, social justice, and moral conduct. However, his proclamation of the oneness of God and condemnation of idol worship was met with staunch opposition from the Quraish, who controlled the Kaʿbah, the central religious shrine in Makkah.
The Hijrah and the Establishment in Madīnah
Facing increasing hostility, Muḥammad and his followers migrated from Makkah to Yathrib (later named Madīnah) in 622 CE. This migration, known as the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Madīnah, Muḥammad successfully established a community founded on Islamic principles, drafting the Constitution of Madīnah which guaranteed religious freedom and mutual defense among its inhabitants.
Major Battles and Treaties
Muḥammad led his followers into several significant battles, including the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Uhud, and the Battle of the Trench. These battles were pivotal in consolidating the Muslim community’s power.
The Final Years and Legacy
In 630 CE, Muḥammad and his followers took control of Makkah, and he purified the Kaʿbah by removing its idols. He continued to receive revelations until his death in 632 CE. His teachings were compiled in the Qur’an, and his life and sayings (hadith) became central to Islamic jurisprudence, values, and culture.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources by Martin Lings
- The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (4 Volumes) by Ibn Kathir
- In the Footsteps of the Prophet by Tariq Ramadan
- The Sealed Nectar by Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
Takeaways and Conclusion
Muḥammad’s life and teachings form the foundation of Islam. His message of monotheism, social justice, and ethical conduct profoundly shaped the religious, political, and cultural landscapes of the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. Muḥammad’s example continues to inspire millions of Muslims worldwide in their personal, spiritual, and communal lives.
Conclusion
Understanding Muḥammad’s life is crucial for comprehending the foundational principles of Islam. His legacy endures through the Qur’an and hadith, and through the practices and beliefs of Muslims around the world, continuing to guide and influence the realms of faith, law, and society.
