Monasticism (Arabic: Rahbānīyah, رهبانية) in Islam
Etymology and Translations
- Etymology: The term “monasticism” originates from the Greek word ‘monachos’, which means ‘solitary’. In Arabic, it is translated as Rahbānīyah (رهبانية), derived from ‘Rahib’ (رَاهِب) meaning monk or solitary one.
- Arabic: Rahbānīyah (رهبانية)
- Turkish: Rahibetlik
Overview
Monasticism in Islam is denoted by the Arabic term Rahbānīyah (رهبانية). This practice, akin to renouncing worldly life for spiritual contemplation, is explicitly addressed and largely critiqued within Islamic teachings.
Islamic Viewpoint on Monasticism
The Prophetic Response
Prophet Muhammad expressed a distinct stance against monasticism. A well-known saying from the traditions involves ʿUs̤mān ibn Maz̤ʿūn requesting permission from the Prophet to adopt a monastic way of life. The Prophet denied this request, stating that, for his followers, “the retirement which becomes my people is to sit in the corner of a mosque and wait for the time of prayer.” (Mishkāt, book iv. ch. 8).
The Prophet’s instruction emphasizes community involvement and spiritual practices integrated with daily life rather than solitary withdrawal.
Qur’anic Discussion
The notion of monasticism is also addressed in the Qur’an. In Surah al-Hadid (57:27), it is narrated that:
<p>“We gave them the Gospel, and We put into the hearts of those who followed kindness and compassion; but monasticism (rahbānīyah) they invented – We did not prescribe it for them – only seeking the pleasure of Allah.”</p>
This verse highlights that while qualities like compassion are divinely inspired, monasticism was an innovation not prescribed by Allah.
Islamic Jurisprudence on Monasticism
Capitation Tax and Rāhibs
Islamic legal texts also touch upon the topic of monasticism, particularly in the context of Jizyah (capitation tax). According to the authoritative text “Hidāyah” (vol. ii. p. 215), there is a debate on whether capitation tax should be imposed upon monks, both Christian, and Pagan. Some interpretations provide an exemption to Rāhibs (monks), as they are seen as religiously devout individuals.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Hidaya: A Commentary on the Islamic Laws” by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
- “The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet Muhammad” by Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
- “The Quran: A New Translation” by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem
- “Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law” by Ignaz Goldziher
Takeaways and Conclusion
Monasticism, reflected in Arabic as Rahbānīyah (رهبانية), is viewed as an innovation within Islamic teachings, not condoned by Allah or the Prophet Muhammad. This concept highlights Islam’s emphasis on active engagement in the community and balancing spiritual practices with day-to-day life. While the Qur’an and prophetic traditions caution against withdrawing from society, Islamic law offers various perspectives on monks’ financial responsibilities.
Understanding this nuanced view helps contextualize Islam’s ethical and social fabric, emphasizing individual piety harmonized with communal responsibilities.
