Moderation (iqtiṣād)

Moderation (iqtiṣād) in Islam

Introduction

Moderation, known as iqtiṣād (اقتصاد‎) in Arabic, is a core principle in Islam that guides various aspects of a Muslim’s life. Prophetic teachings emphasize the importance of moderation in religious obligations and daily activities. This article delves into the etymology, usage, and significance of the concept of moderation in Islam, drawing from the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.

Etymology

• Arabic: Iqtisād (اقتصاد‎)
• Turkish: Iktisat

The term iqtiṣād in Arabic literally means ’economy’ or ‘moderation,’ stemming from the root ق ص د (q-ṣ-d), which conveys the meanings of intention, direction, and moderation.

Significance in Islamic Teachings

According to Prophet Muhammad’s teaching, moderation in all religious matters is better than excessive piety. This concept encourages Muslims to adopt a balanced approach to their spiritual and worldly affairs. The following sayings (Ahadith) of Prophet Muhammad, found in the Mishkāt (a collection of Hadith) under the section Bābu ʾl-Iqtiṣād, illustrate this principle:

1. Continuous but Manageable Acts:

   • “The best act in God’s sight is that which is constantly attended to, although in a small degree.”

2. Ease and Longevity in Worship:

   • “Do what you are able conveniently; because God will not be tired of rewarding as long as you are not tired of doing.”

3. Maintaining Personal Comfort:

   • “You must continue at your prayers as long as it is agreeable to you, and when you are tired, sit down.”

4. Balancing Religion and Personal Capacity:

   • “Verily, religion is easy, therefore hold it firm.”

These teachings highlight that Islam advocates for a sustainable approach to worship—one that integrates religious duties harmoniously into one’s life.

Practical Applications

1. Daily Prayers:

   • Muslims are encouraged to pray regularly but to avoid overburdening themselves with additional rituals that they cannot maintain consistently.

2. Charity:

   • Giving in charity is highly meritorious, but it should be done in a manner that does not lead to personal hardship.

3. Fasting:

   • While fasting during Ramadan is obligatory, additional fasting should be observed based on one’s ability to maintain health and well-being.

4. General Lifestyle:

   • Moderation also extends to eating habits, work, social interactions, and other aspects of daily life.

Books for Further Studies

1. “Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World” by Jonathan A.C. Brown
2. “The Book of Hadith: Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad from the Mishkat al Masabih” by Charles Le Gai Eaton
3. “Riyad-us-Saliheen” by Imam Nawawi
4. “Ethics of Islam” Documents various ethical teachings in Islam including the principle of moderation.

Key Takeaways

• Moderation (iqtiṣād) in Islam: Encourages balanced and sustainable practices in all aspects of life.
• Prophetic Teachings: Prophetic sayings emphasize doing acts of worship in moderation for consistency and longevity.
• Practical Life: Islam integrates moderation not just in spirituality but also in daily living, promoting overall well-being.

Conclusion

The principle of moderation is deeply rooted in Islamic teachings, serving as a guiding framework for Muslims to practice their faith with balance and sustainability. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad underscore the value of consistency and manageability in worship, ensuring that one’s spiritual journey remains harmonious with other aspects of life.

By adhering to the concept of iqtiṣād, Muslims can achieve a holistic approach to both their religious duties and everyday responsibilities, fostering a balanced and fulfilling life.