Islam in the Middle East
Overview
Middle East, Islam in: Islam varies widely across the Middle East in practice, legal and theological orientation, attitude toward women, and role in government and society. The Middle East includes Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Palestine/Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Syria, and Lebanon.
Etymology: The term “Islam” comes from the Arabic root “S-L-M,” which means “peace” or “submission.” In Turkish, “İslam” (إسلام) retains the same meaning.
Historical Development
Islam in the Middle East has evolved through four major periods:
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Foundations (622–750): This period marks the birth of Islam with the prophethood of Muhammad in Mecca (modern-day Saudi Arabia), the Hijra to Medina, and subsequently, the early caliphates including the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates.
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Institutional Formation (750–1050): This era saw the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, which became a focal point for the establishment of Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and cultural scholarship.
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Classical Period (1050–1800): Islamic civilization peaked during this period, marked by vast Islamic empires, intellectual achievements, and cultural developments. Major dynasties during this time included the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mamluk empires.
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Modern Transformation (1800—Present): The modern era has been characterized by movements of revival and reform, interaction with European colonial powers, and significant political and social changes, including the emergence of Islamic modernism.
Key Influences and Movements
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Islamic Revival of the 18th Century: A response to the perceived corruption within the Muslim societies, this movement called for a return to authentic Islamic principles and spurred significant religious reflection.
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Colonial Era and Islamic Modernism: Interaction with European powers introduced Western scientific and technological advancements, compelling Muslims to reinterpret Islamic teachings to suit modern contexts.
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Post-Colonial Independence: After gaining independence, many Middle Eastern countries adopted secular governmental frameworks, emphasizing state-led industrialization and urbanization.
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Islamic Revival Post-1967: Following the Arab-Israeli War, there was significant disillusionment with secular and modernization policies, leading to a surge in political Islam (often termed ‘Islamism’).
Contemporary Islamic States
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Saudi Arabia: Predominantly Sunni and governed as an absolute monarchy, Saudi Arabia implements a strict form of Sharia law.
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Iran: Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran became a Shia Islamic republic featuring clerical rule and democratic electoral processes.
Impacts on Society and Governance
Islam in the Middle East today plays multifaceted roles with divergent expressions across different countries. The degree to which Islamic law influences governance varies significantly, from secular states to those where Sharia is strictly enforced.
Further Reading
For more extensive study, consider the following books:
- “No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam” by Reza Aslan
- “A History of Islamic Societies” by Ira M. Lapidus
- “Lost Islamic History: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past” by Firas Alkhateeb
- “The Society and Culture of the Middle East: Islamic Responses to Western Influence” Edited by Bernard Lewis
Conclusion
Understanding Islam’s role in the Middle East requires appreciation of its rich historical context, diverse interpretations, and various socio-political impacts. Moving forward, Islam remains a dynamic and central force in shaping the Middle Eastern societies.
Takeaways
- Islam originated in the Middle East and continues to be diverse in practice and interpretation.
- Historical developments and colonial interactions played significant roles in shaping contemporary Islam.
- Modern movements in political Islam are deeply entwined with historical circumstances and responses to sociopolitical change.
