Miḥrāb (محراب)
Definition and Significance
Miḥrāb (محراب) refers to a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of the Kaaba in Makkah, which Muslims face during prayer. It is the spot where the Imām stands to lead the congregation in prayer.
Historical Background
In the Masjidu ʾn-Nabī, or Prophet’s Mosque, in Madīnah, a large black stone initially placed against the northern wall facing Jerusalem directed the congregation. However, it was moved to the southern side when the Qiblah was changed to Makkah. The current design of the Miḥrāb dates back to the era of al-Walīd (A.H. 90 / 705-715 CE). It is suggested that the idea of the miḥrāb may have been borrowed from Hindu architecture, where similar niches are prominent in sacred buildings.
Etymology
The word Miḥrāb (plural: maḥārīb) first appears in the Qurʾān, where it is used to mean “chamber.” It is mentioned four times in the Qurʾān (Sūrahs 3:32-33; 19:12; 38:20) and its plural form once (Sūrah 34:12).
- Arabic: محراب
- Turkish: Mihrap
Appearances in the Qurʾān
The term Miḥrāb appears in various contexts in the Qurʾān, often denoting special chambers or places of worship:
- Sūrah 3:32-33 – Mention of Zakariya in his miḥrāb.
- Sūrah 19:12 – Reference to Yahya’s (John the Baptist) devotion.
- Sūrah 38:20 – As a place associated with kingship and wisdom.
- Sūrah 34:12 (maḥārīb) – Referring to a variety of grand edifices built by Solomon.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The Mosque and Its Early Development” by Christopher Toll
- “The Art of the Islamic Tile” by Patrick Ringgenberg
- “The Architecture of the Islamic World” by George Michell
- “Islamic Art and Architecture” by Robert Hillenbrand
- “The Qurʾān” by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem
Takeaways
- The Miḥrāb is central to Islamic worship, marking the direction towards Makkah.
- It emerged historically during the Prophet’s time and underwent architectural evolutions in subsequent Islamic history.
- Its design and utility highlight the integration of spiritual and communal aspects of Islamic life.
- The term Miḥrāb is historically rich and carries religious connotations mentioned in the Qurʾān.
Conclusion
The Miḥrāb is more than a mere architectural element; it is a focal point of spiritual devotion, guiding the faithful towards Makkah in their prayers. Its historical evolution and varied mentions in the Qurʾān underscore its importance in Islamic tradition and history. Understanding the Miḥrāb offers insights into the rich tapestry of Islamic worship practices and architectural innovation.
