Masjid (مسجد)
Definition and Etymology
Masjid (مسجد) is an Arabic term that translates literally to “the place of prostration.” The word comes from the root ‘sujood’, which means “to prostrate,” a fundamental act in Muslim prayer (Salah). In Turkish, the term is spelled ‘mescid.’
Architectural Features
Mosques (Masajid) are generally built using stone or brick and often take the form of a square. Key architectural elements include:
- Open Courtyard: Located at the center and surrounded by cloisters for students.
- Mihrab: A niche in the wall facing Makkah, indicating the direction of the Kaʿbah.
- Minbar: A pulpit situated to the right of the mihrab, from which the Khutbah (Friday sermon) is delivered.
- Ablution Facilities: A tank in the courtyard for performing Wudu (ablution) before prayers.
- Low Barrier: Found within the doorway, marking the sacred part of the mosque.
Role in the Community
The primary function of a masjid is to serve as a place for public prayer. However, mosques are also community hubs, often providing:
- Educational Services: Cloisters serve as spaces for learning, where students are taught by Maulawis (learned men).
- Social Services: Places for eating, resting, and sometimes sleeping for travelers.
- Legal Rulings: According to various Islamic traditions, detailed rulings dictate how a mosque should be endowed (Waqf) and managed.
Key Positions
- Imam: The leader of prayers, who may sometimes be a learned Maulawi.
- Mu’azzin: The caller to prayer responsible for announcing the Adhan.
- Mutawalli: The trustee or superintendent of the mosque.
Cultural and Legal Considerations
Mosques have additional significance in different Islamic cultures, with specific rules on their construction, use, and endowment:
- Sunni Tradition: Emphasizes the separation of mosque property from private property once endowed. Selling or reverting the property is generally impermissible.
- Shia Tradition: Similar to Sunni rulings but allows for the sale of mosque property under certain circumstances, particularly if it benefits the community.
Qur’anic and Hadith References
The Quran and Hadiths provide various injunctions regarding mosques:
- Quran: Surah Al-A’raf (7:29) advises wearing goodly apparel when visiting mosques. Surah Al-Tawbah (9:18) states that only those who believe in God and the Last Day should maintain mosques.
- Hadiths: Include directions on entering mosques, the sanctity of the space, and the importance of attending for proper reasons.
Suggested Books for Further Reading
- “The Mosque: History, Architectural Development & Regional Diversity” by Martin Frishman and Hassan-Uddin Khan.
- “The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture” by Salma Samar Damluji.
Key Takeaways
- Sacred Space: A masjid is a place designated for Muslim communal worship and public prayer.
- Multifunctional Role: Beyond prayer, mosques serve educational and social functions.
- Cultural Variations: Different Islamic cultures and communities may have unique architectural styles and practices regarding mosques.
- Legal Considerations: Specific rules govern the endowment, management, and use of mosque property in both Sunni and Shia traditions.
Conclusion
Masjids are central to Muslim life, embodying both spiritual and community significance. They serve as places of worship, learning, and social gathering, reinforcing the importance of communal ties in Islam. Understanding the roles and rules pertaining to mosques enriches our comprehension of Muslim practices and cultural heritage.
This entry should provide a comprehensive overview of the concept and significance of the ‘Masjid’ in Islam, along with detailed architectural, cultural, and legal information.
