Manichaeism

Manichaeism

Definition and Overview

Manichaeism is a religious doctrine founded by Mani in the first half of the third century in Mesopotamia. At that time, Mesopotamia was a melting pot of various religious and philosophical schools, including Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. This was the only universal Near Eastern gnostic religion with a missionary drive. The doctrine is marked by a dualistic world view that asserts knowledge is the key to salvation, which is achieved through the triumph of good (light) over evil (darkness). The religion is imbued with pessimism about the material world and a strong interest in liberating the divine and luminous principle from the bonds of physical matter. Despite some initial successes in conversions, Manichaeism faced persecutions from the Persian state after 277 CE but continued to survive in secret until the fourteenth century.

Etymology and Translations

• Etymology: The term “Manichaeism” derives from the name of its prophet, Mani, combined with the Greek suffix -ism, indicating a doctrine or system.
• Arabic Translation: مانوية (Manawaiyya)
• Turkish Translation: Manicilik

Core Beliefs and Doctrines

1. Dualism: Central to Manichaeism is the belief in two fundamental principles: light (good) and darkness (evil).
2. Gnosticism: Knowledge and enlightenment are seen as paths to spiritual liberation.
3. Pessimism Towards the Material World: The religion considers the physical and material world to be intrinsically evil, and seeks liberation from it.
4. Missionary Drive: Manichaeism was proactive in spreading its teachings, making it unique among contemporary Near Eastern religions.

Historical Context

Mani (216-276 CE), the prophet and founder of Manichaeism, sought to create a universal religion that incorporated elements from the major religions of his time. Although his initial efforts met with some conversions, especially within the Persian Empire, the doctrine faced severe opposition and persecution following Mani’s death. The teachings of Manichaeism, despite repression, managed to survive clandestinely for over a millennium, demonstrating its resilience and the dedication of its adherents.

Recommended Books for Further Studies

• “Manichaeism” by Petur van der Veer.
• “The Manichaean Body: In Discipline and Ritual” by Jason David BeDuhn.
• “Mani: The Angel and the Demon” by L.J.R. Ortiz de Urbina.

Key Takeaways

1. Manichaeism was founded by Mani in the third century CE in Mesopotamia.
2. The doctrine is characterized by dualistic beliefs emphasizing the battle between light (good) and darkness (evil).
3. The religion anticipated variation from Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism.
4. Despite facing considerable persecution, Manichaeism remained extant in secret up to the fourteenth century.
5. Manichaeism considered salvation attainable through knowledge and enlightenment.

Conclusion

Manichaeism represents a pivotal moment in religious history, illustrating an early form of religious globalization and the strength of gnostic and dualistic worldviews in shaping human understanding of good, evil, and spiritual liberation. Its complex history underscores both the potentials and challenges of fostering religious doctrines within diverse cultural landscapes.