Manārah (منارة‎) in Islam

Definition

Manārah (منارة‎) – Anglice “minaret.” In Islamic architecture, a manārah is the lofty turret or slender tower that is typically part of a mosque. Its primary function is to serve as the spot from where the Muʾaẓẓin (مؤذن‎) – the “caller to prayer” – invites the faithful to perform the Salat (صلاة‎), the mandatory Islamic prayers held five times daily.

Etymology

The term manārah is derived from the Arabic root “manār” (منار‎), which means “a place where a fire is lit, lighthouse, or pillar.” This root reflects the guiding function of the minaret, much like a lighthouse guides sailors. The word depicts the notion of offering direction and illumination to the community.

Arabic

• Manārah: منارة‎
• Muʾaẓẓin: مؤذن‎

Turkish

• Manārah: Minare
• Muʾaẓẓin: Müezzin

Historical Development

Early Islam

In the initial stages of Islam, mosques did not feature minarets. Early mosques like those in Qūbāʾ and al-Madīnah were devoid of such structures. The introduction of the minaret is often attributed to ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdi ’l-ʿAzīz during his reign (86 A.H./705-717 A.D.).

Evolution of Architecture

Over time, the construction of minarets became a significant aspect of mosque architecture, not only to facilitate the call to prayer but also as a symbol of Islamic presence and architectural ingenuity. Minarets have evolved into various styles reflecting the regional tastes, materials available, and architectural heritage.

Cultural and Religious Significance

The manārah holds a special place in Islamic culture:

1. Call to Prayer: It is the platform from which the muʾaẓẓin delivers the Adhān (الأذان), the Islamic call to prayer.
2. Symbol of Islam: Minarets are visually dominant structures and often serve as symbols of Islamic architectural and cultural identity.
3. Functional Design: Architecturally, minarets have been designed not just as functional towers but also as expressions of artistic and cultural values, incorporating intricate calligraphy, tile work, and geometric patterns.

Suggestion for Further Studies

1. “Islamic Art and Architecture” by Robert Hillenbrand.
2. “The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800” by Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom.
3. “The Minarets of Cairo: Islamic Architecture from the Arabs to the Ottomans” by Doris Behrens-Abouseif.

Conclusion

The manārah, or minaret, is more than just an architectural feature of a mosque; it is a crucial element of Islamic ritual, culture, and identity. Originating from a term denoting guidance, the minaret serves both a spiritual and a communal function in the Muslim world. As a call to faith and a beacon of cultural heritage, the manārah epitomizes the harmonious blend of form, function, and faith in Islamic civilization.

Takeaways

• The manārah stands as a symbol of Islam’s architectural innovation and religious significance.
• Its primary role is to facilitate the call to prayer, maintaining a significant presence in Muslim daily life and worship practices.
• The evolution of minarets reflects the diverse cultures and historical periods within the Islamic world.

Understanding the deep cultural and historical roots of the manārah offers insights into the broader context of Islamic art, architecture, and spirituality.