Makrūh (مكروه)
Definition
Makrūh (مكروه) literally translates to “that which is hateful and unbecoming.” In Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), it refers to actions that are considered improper or undesirable, though not sinful. These actions occupy a middle ground between permissible (halal) and forbidden (haram) actions.
Etymology
The word “makrūh” comes from the Arabic root “k-r-h” (كره), which means “to dislike” or “to detest.” The term signifies actions that are disapproved by God but not strictly prohibited.
Categories
According to Islamic jurisprudence, especially in the Hanafi school of thought, makrūh is further divided into two subcategories:
- Makrūh Taḥrīmī (مكروه تحريمي): Acts that are nearly unlawful, meaning they closely approach the category of haram (forbidden), but lack a definitive textual prohibition from the Qur’an or Hadith.
- Makrūh Tanzīhī (مكروه تنزيهي): Acts that approach the category of lawful but are still disapproved of. These acts are generally avoidable and considered inappropriate.
Context and Applications
The Hanafi scholars have shown some disagreement regarding the extent of the term’s applicability:
- Imām Muḥammad: He argued that makrūh is unlawful but failed to find strong supporting arguments from the Qur’an or Hadith. As a result, he classified such acts under improper but not necessarily unlawful.
- Imāms Abū Ḥanīfah and Abū Yūsuf: They concluded that makrūh applies to actions that nearly qualify as unlawful without being outright forbidden. This delineation helps in understanding how to navigate such actions in daily conduct.
Example of Makrūh Acts
Common examples of makrūh acts include:
- Eating garlic or onion before attending communal prayers due to the unpleasant smell.
- Performing ablution (wudu) in a way that wastes water.
- Engaging in excessive, non-beneficial conversation during prayer times.
References in Islamic Law
Islamic legal texts, such as the “Hidāyah” and the “Kitābu ’t-Ta’arīfāt,” have dedicated sections discussing makrūh acts. These texts elaborate on the specific contexts and implications of actions deemed to be makrūh.
Further Reading
For a deeper understanding of makrūh and its implications within Islamic jurisprudence, consider reviewing the following books:
- “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” by Mohammad Hashim Kamali
- “Fiqh al-Sunnah” by Sayyid Sabiq
- “The Difference Between Makruh Tahrimi and Makruh Tanzihi: An Exposition” by Abdur Rahman Ibn Yusuf
Takeaways
- Makrūh refers to actions that are disapproved of but not forbidden in Islam.
- It is divided into Makrūh Taḥrīmī (nearly unlawful) and Makrūh Tanzīhī (lesser degree of disapproval).
- Understanding the nuances of makrūh helps Muslims navigate their daily actions in a way that aligns closely with Islamic ethical standards.
Conclusion
Makrūh holds a significant place in Islamic jurisprudence by guiding Muslims on how to conduct themselves in a manner that avoids disapproved actions. Though not strictly sinful, steering clear of makrūh actions is encouraged to uphold the moral and ethical standards promoted by Islamic teachings.
By understanding and observing the concepts of makrūh, Muslims can lead a life that not only adheres to the laws of Sharia but also aligns closely with the spirit of Islamic ethics.
