Luqmān (لقمان) in Islam
Luqmān (Arabic: لقمان), often referred to as Luqmānu ʾl-Ḥakīm or Luqmān the Wise, is a figure of immense respect in Islamic tradition. He is prominently mentioned in the Qurʾān as a person upon whom God has bestowed wisdom. The discussions around whether Luqmān was a prophet or simply a wise man contribute to the rich tapestry of Islamic theology and history.
Etymology
The name “Luqmān” (written in Arabic as لقمان) is believed to have roots in ancient Semitic languages, though its precise etymology remains a matter of scholarly debate. Some suggest it may derive from a Semitic word meaning “to eat,” thus implying someone who is productive or industrious, while others connect it with words meaning “wise” or “knowledgeable.”
Arabic: لقمان
Turkish: Lokman
Luqmān in the Qurʾān
In the Qurʾān, Luqmān features most prominently in Sūrah Luqmān (Sūrah 31), verses 11–19. Here, God highlights Luqmān’s wisdom and recounts his advice to his son:
<p>“Of old we bestowed wisdom upon Luqmān, and taught him thus—‘Be thankful to God: for whoever is thankful, is thankful to his own behoof; and if any shall be thankless.… God truly is self-sufficient, worthy of all praise!’ And bear in mind when Luqmān said to his son by way of warning, ‘O my son! join not other gods with God, for the joining [of] gods with God is the great impiety…’”</p>
Historical and Cultural Context
Commentators and scholars have differing views on Luqmān’s historical identity and status:
- Philosopher vs. Prophet: Some argue Luqmān was a philosopher rather than a prophet. Notable scholar Ḥusain mentions that most learned scholars regard him as a wise man rather than a prophet.
- Lineage: Various traditions place Luqmān in different historical contexts. Some attribute him to the lineage of Job or Abraham, while others place him during the time of King David and Jonah.
- Occupation: There are also differing accounts of his occupation, with some describing him as a tailor, carpenter, or shepherd.
- Cultural Significance: Luqmān is widely acknowledged as a fabulist and writer of proverbs in Arabian history. This leads to the intriguing theory by some historians linking him with the legendary Greek figure Æsop (Æthiops).
Luqmān and Æsop
European scholars have noted similarities between the tales attributed to Luqmān and those of Æsop. Some, like Mr. Sale, opine that Planudes borrowed elements of Luqmān’s wisdom traditions for his narratives about Æsop. This potential correlation underscores a fascinating cross-cultural exchange of wisdom literature.
Scholarly References
For those interested in delving deeper, the following books are recommended:
- “The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
- “The Qur’an: A New Translation” by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem
- “The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History” by Ibn Khaldun
- “Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy” by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Takeaways and Conclusion
Luqmān, a figure revered for his wisdom, continues to inspire Muslims with his timeless advice on gratitude, worship, and ethical behavior. Whether regarded as a prophet or a philosopher, his legacy demonstrates the rich interplay between faith, reason, and ethics in the Islamic tradition.
In conclusion, Luqmān stands as a pivotal example of wisdom and moral integrity, reflecting the profound spiritual and intellectual heritage of Islam. His story serves as a reminder of the universal values that transcend cultural and temporal boundaries, resonating with both Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
This comprehensive view of Luqmān incorporates theological interpretations, historical discussions, and cross-cultural connections, providing a multifaceted understanding of his importance in the Islamic world.
