Khojas
Introduction
Khojas refers to a community of Hindu Indian converts to Shii Islam, who historically retained elements of the Hindu caste system while practicing Islam. Over time, they have evolved into three distinct religious groups: a small minority of Sunnis, some Twelvers, and a majority of Nizari Ismailis who follow the Agha Khan. Today, they have largely abandoned their Khoja identity with Hindu elements in favor of a more universal form of Ismaili Shiism.
Etymology and Translation
The term “Khoja” (Arabic: خوجا, Turkish: Hoca) can be traced back to the Persian word “Khoja” (خواجه), meaning “master” or “teacher.” This term was used for authoritative figures in professions and later came to be associated with this particular community.
History and Cultural Background
The Khoja community emerged in the Indian subcontinent during the 14th-15th centuries through the missionary work of Pir Sadr al-Din, who propagated the Nizari Ismaili form of Shii Islam. Origins of this community are shrouded in adaptations of Hindu religious frameworks to incorporate Islamic beliefs. Consequently, they initially maintained Hindu social structures and rituals even after converting. Over centuries, different sects formed:
- Sunnis: A minor fraction of the Khoja community aligns with Sunni Islam.
- Twelvers: Some Khojas adopt Twelver Shi’ism (Ithna Ashariyya), following the teachings of the twelve Imams.
- Nizari Ismailis: The largest group who follow the Agha Khan, this group has transformed predominantly into a globally diverse and more universal form of Ismaili Shiism. Leaders known as Agha Khans have provided spiritual and social guidance toward modernization and universal Islamic principles.
Key Locations
- Karachi (Pakistan): A significant Khoja population resides in Karachi, where they have established numerous cultural and religious centers.
- Gujarat (India): Another core area with a historical Khoja populace, particularly in cities like Mumbai and South Gujarat.
Modern Transition
In recent times, Khojas, especially Nizari Ismailis, have embraced universal Ismaili beliefs over traditional Hindu caste elements. They now prioritize a global Islamic identity, advocating modernity, education, and international community service.
Related Entries
- Aga Khan: Religious title and name of the spiritual leader of the Nizari Ismailis.
- Ismailis: A Shii Islam sect founded in the 8th century that split from other Muslim branches over issues of leadership and theology.
- Nizaris: A subgroup within the Ismailis, adhering to a unique set of beliefs with the Aga Khan as their present Imam.
Further Reading
- “The Khojas: Endurance and Transformation in Shia Islam,” Tekin: A Historical Study by Akbarally Mehta.
- “The Ismailis: An Illustrated History” by Farhad Daftary.
Takeaways and Conclusion
The Khoja community offers a fascinating example of cultural and religious syncretism within Islamic history. Originating as Hindu converts to Shii Islam, their journey illustrates significant transformations in praxis and identity aligning with wider, universal Islamic norms under the guidance of long-standing religious leadership. While retaining respect for their historical roots, today they exemplify adaptability and modernity in the global Islamic context.
