Jerusalem
Jerusalem (Arabic: القدس, al-Quds; Turkish: Kudüs) - Known as “The Holy” in Arabic, Jerusalem holds a storied place in Islamic tradition and history as one of Islam’s three holiest cities, along with Mecca and Medina.
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: القدس (al-Quds)
- Turkish: Kudüs
Early Islamic History
Muslim armies seized Jerusalem from Byzantine control in a peaceful transfer of power in 635 CE. This takeover marked the beginning of a new era for the city under Islamic rule, which focused on the revival and refurbishment of significant religious landmarks, notably the Temple Mount. By 692 CE, the inauguration of the Dome of the Rock mosque had been realized. The mosque is esteemed for its connections to several pivotal Islamic traditions:
- The Night Journey: Revered as the terminus of the Prophet Muhammad’s Night Journey (al-Isra wa al-Mi’raj).
- Site of Abraham’s Sacrifice: Its close association with the narrative of Abraham’s proposed sacrifice of his son.
- Solomon’s Temple: The Holy site where the ancient Temple of Solomon stood.
Medieval and Mamluk Period
Muslims returned the right of residence and worship in the city to Jews after centuries of expulsion by the Romans. During the Crusades, Jerusalem experienced tumultuous periods, falling under the Crusaders (1099–1187) until Sultan Salah al-Din (Saladin) reclaimed it.
The Mamluk era was marked by significant religious and architectural development. Numerous Sunni religious institutions and khanqahs (convent-like buildings for Sufis) were established surrounding the Dome of the Rock, emphasizing the city’s religious significance.
Ottoman Rule
The Ottoman Empire inherited Jerusalem in 1517 and bestowed generously upon its religious and architectural heritage. The construction of the city walls that remain standing today is a testimony to the Ottoman dedication to maintaining the city’s sanctity and defense.
Modern History
In the 19th century, the city’s strategic and religious importance made it a hub for European consulates, missionaries, and archaeological pursuits, which significantly influenced its demography and urban landscape.
- British Mandate: Jerusalem fell to Allied forces in 1917 and was subsequently governed by British mandate, outlined between 1922 to 1948.
- UN Partition Plan (1947): Suggesting an international trusteeship for Jerusalem, recognizing its complex historical significance to multiple faiths.
Post-1948 and Contemporary Issues
The city’s control toggled between Jordan and Israel following the creation of the State of Israel and ensuing conflicts:
- Jordanian Rule: The Old City under Jordanian control from 1948 until the Six-Day War of 1967.
- Israeli Control: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its “eternal undivided capital,” a move largely unrecognized internationally due to ongoing disputes.
Contemporary Challenges
The future status of Jerusalem remains a focal point of contention in Middle Eastern geopolitics and peace negotiations. Its significance and sensitive nature necessitate intricate, mutually respectful solutions to the dispute recognized internationally and grounded in pursuits for lasting peace.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period” by Jacob Lassner
- “Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City” by Bernard Wasserstein
- “Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths” by Karen Armstrong
Takeaways
- Jerusalem is a city of unparalleled religious significance in the Islamic world, known for its deep connections to important Islamic events and figures.
- The city’s historical dynamics witnessed phases of peace and conflict under various rulers, predominantly coming under Muslim control in the medieval period and disputed authority in modern times.
- Jerusalem’s future lies in delicate peace negotiations that respect its unique and contested nature.
Conclusion
Jerusalem stands as a beacon of spiritual reverence not only in Islam but also in Judaism and Christianity. While historical complexities leave it ensnared in political struggle, its sacred place in the hearts of many underscores a collective need for a peaceful resolution to its challenges.
