Ishmael in Islamic Perspective
Etymology and Arabic Translation
Ishmael (Arabic: Ismāʿīl, اسماعيل) derives from the Hebrew name Yishma’el, meaning “God hears.” In Islamic tradition, Ishmael holds a prominent position as a prophet and the eldest son of Abraham.
Qur’anic References and Prophetic Significance
Progenitor of the Arabian Race: According to the Qurʾān, Ishmael is not only a significant prophet but also the progenitor of the Arabian race.
Sūrah 19:55
<p>“And commemorate Ishmael in ‘The Book;’ for he was true to his promise, and was an Apostle, a prophet; And he enjoined prayer and almsgiving on his people, and was well-pleasing to his Lord.”</p>
Builder of the Ka’bah: Ishmael is also known for aiding his father, Abraham, in the construction of the Ka’bah in Mecca, an act commemorated by Muslims.
Sūrah 2:119, 121
<p>“And remember when we appointed the Holy House as man’s resort and safe retreat, and said, ‘Take ye the station of Abraham for a place of prayer.’ And we commanded Abraham and Ishmael, ‘Purify My house for those who shall go in procession round it, and those who shall abide there for devotion, and those who shall bow down and prostrate themselves.’ And when Abraham, with Ishmael, raised the foundations of the House, they said, ‘O our Lord! accept it from us; for Thou art the Hearer, the Knower.’”</p>
Other Qur’anic Mentions
Ishmael is referenced multiple times across different chapters (Surahs), emphasizing his importance in Islamic theology:
- Sūrah 2:134
- Sūrah 3:78
- Sūrah 4:161
- Sūrah 6:86
- Sūrah 21:85
- Sūrah 38:48
Ishmael’s Descendants
Ishmael had twelve sons, whose names are detailed in the Old Testament (Genesis 25:12-16). Islamic tradition agrees, tracing prophetic lineage and heritage through them:
- Genesis 25:12-16: Names of Ishmael’s sons corresponding with Arab tribes.
Islamic Tradition: Abraham and Hagar
Muslim tradition, documented in Ṣaḥīḥ of al-Bukhārī, recounts Hagar and Ishmael’s journey to Mecca, their divine encounter with the Angel Gabriel, and the miraculous emergence of the Zamzam well.
Key Traditions by Ibn ʿAbbās:
- Tradition I: Describes Hagar’s trials and perseverance after being left in Mecca.
- Tradition II: Details Abraham’s departure and Hagar’s search for water, culminating in the emergence of the Zamzam well.
Judeo-Christian Perspective
Genesis Account: The Old Testament elaborates on Ishmael’s lineage and his role according to Judeo-Christian traditions (Genesis 21:9-21, Genesis 25:12-18).
Academic Studies
Many Islamic scholars and historians, including Syud Ahmad Khan Bahadur, discuss Ishmael’s lineage and the significance of Mecca’s sacred locations.
Disputed Details: Isaac or Ishmael?
A long-standing debate exists over whether it was Isaac or Ishmael whom Abraham was willing to sacrifice. Islamic traditions predominantly hold Ishmael in this role, celebrated during the ‘Īdu l-Azha (Festival of Sacrifice).
- Differing Views: Al-Baiẓāwī’s views against the majority textual interpretation of the Qur’ān.
Further Reading
Recommended Books:
- “The Qur’an” - Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem.
- “The Life of the Prophet Muhammad” by Ibn Ishaq.
- “Islam: A Short History” by Karen Armstrong.
- “The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an” by Marmaduke Pickthall.
- “The Study Quran” - Translated and annotated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and others.
Takeaways and Conclusion
Ishmael Ismāʿīl (اسماعيل) holds a pivotal role in Islamic theology as a prophet and the progenitor of the Arabian races. His contributions to the construction of the Ka’bah and various significant Qur’anic references highlight his importance. Both Islamic and Judeo-Christian traditions provide detailed narratives about his life, which are essential for understanding his impact across multiple religions. These narratives serve as a foundation for many cultural and religious practices observed in Islam today.
By understanding Ishmael’s legacy, one can gain deeper insights into the shared and unique aspects of Abrahamic faiths.
