Islam in India
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: الإسلام في الهند (Al-Islam Fi Al-Hind)
- Turkish: Hindistan’da İslam
Demographics
Islam has a significant presence in India, accounting for approximately 14% of the nation’s over one billion population. This diverse community is marked by both economic and political variation and further differentiated by regional and linguistic groups—Bengali, Deccani, Gujarati, Hindustani, Mappila, Oriya, and Punjabi.
Sectarian Composition
The majority of Indian Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam and follow the Hanafi school of legal thought. Approximately 10% of the Muslim population practices Twelver Shi’ism, and smaller fractions follow Ismaili Shi’ism.
Historical Context
In the period leading up to the partition of British India in 1947, the majority of Indian Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, while a considerable minority sided with the Indian National Congress, advocating a united non-communal independent India. Post-independence, Indian Muslims have continued to be an active and significant political force in the democratic framework of the country. India today houses one of the largest Muslim national communities globally.
Regional Distinctions
- Bengali Muslims: Primarily found in the eastern state of West Bengal and parts of Assam.
- Deccani Muslims: Spread across the Deccan plateau, especially in states like Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana.
- Gujarati Muslims: Predominantly located in the western state of Gujarat.
- Hindustani Muslims: Concentrated in the northern plains.
- Mappila Muslims: Situated in the southern state of Kerala.
- Oriya Muslims: Present in the eastern state of Odisha.
- Punjabi Muslims: Found in the northern state of Punjab and neighboring regions.
Political Dynamics
Indian Muslims have maintained a substantial involvement in the country’s politics. They are represented in various political parties and many work to address issues such as minority rights, social justice, and economic development.
Key Books for Further Study
- Asghar Ali Engineer’s “Muslims of India”
- Barbara D. Metcalf’s “Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900”
- William Dalrymple’s “The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857”
Summary and Takeaways
Islam in India is a diverse and vibrant aspect of the country’s sociopolitical landscape. Though a religious minority, Indian Muslims have played significant roles in shaping the nation’s history and continue to contribute to India’s multifaceted cultural and political spheres.
Conclusion
Understanding the diversity and historical context of Islam in India is crucial for appreciating the complex fabric of the nation. Despite challenges, Indian Muslims remain integrated into the country’s vast and varied political and cultural identity, showcasing the extensive and profound presence of Islam in India.
