Ibāq (اباق)
Definition
Ibāq (Arabic: اباق, Turkish: kaçaklık) refers to the act of absconding by a slave. A slave who runs away or escapes from their master is termed an ābiq (آبق), while a fugitive infant slave is known as zāll (ضال), or ’the strayed one.'
Significance in Islamic Law
In Islamic tradition, the status and treatment of slaves were governed by specific legal rulings:
- The ābiq (escaped slave) has distinct implications under Islamic law, and there are defined procedures for handling such cases.
- The restorer of a fugitive slave (ābiq) is entitled to a reward of forty dirhams in recognition of their service. This reward demonstrates a form of societal and legal acknowledgment of the act of restoring a slave to their rightful place.
- However, for the restoration of an infant slave termed as zāll, no reward is typically given, highlighting the different levels of responsibility and urgency accorded to various situations.
Etymology
The term “Ibāq” originates from the Arabic root “ب-و-ق” (B-W-Q), which broadly pertains to escape or fleeing. This root is a basis for other related terms within Islamic legal and cultural contexts.
Historical Context
Slavery in the Islamic world was a complex system with detailed legal guidelines. Slaves held various roles, and the legal framework defined both their rights and the responsibilities of their masters.
Legal Foundations
Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) elaborates on the treatment of slaves and the acts of absconding. Various Islamic legal schools (madhahib) have slightly differing interpretations and rulings, but the foundational ethos remains consistent.
Books for Further Studies
- “Slavery and Islamic Law” by Jonathan E. Brockopp: This book explores the legal aspects of slavery within Islamic traditions.
- “Slavery and Islam” by Jonathan A.C. Brown: This offers a comprehensive study of slavery in the context of Islamic law and society.
- “Islamic Jurisprudence on the Regulation of War and the Treatment of Captives” by Ahmed Al-Dawoody: This book provides insights into how prisoners and slaves were treated under Islamic law.
Takeaways
- Ibāq pertains to the act of a slave absconding in Islamic tradition.
- The term distinguishes between adult fugitive slaves (ābiq) and infant fugitive slaves (zāll).
- Restorers of fugitive adult slaves are entitled to a reward, underlining the structured societal approach to slavery.
- Islamic law encapsulates detailed guidelines regarding the treatment and rights of slaves.
Conclusion
Understanding the concept of Ibāq offers insights into the social and legal dynamics of historical Islamic society. The specific terminologies and legal frameworks reflect a nuanced approach to dealing with issues related to slavery. While slavery is a complex and multifaceted historical institution, studying these elements sheds light on the intricacies of Islamic legal tradition.
For a deeper appreciation and study of the subject, the recommended readings provide extensive analysis and historical context.
