Ibāḍīyah (إباضية)
Definition
The Ibāḍīyah (Arabic: إباضية) is a distinct sect of Islam, historically significant and theologically unique within the broader Islamic tradition. The sect was founded by ʿAbdu ʾllāh ibn Ibāẓ, who espoused particular beliefs regarding sin and faith that set it apart from both Sunni and Shi’a traditions. According to Ibāḍī theology, a man who commits a kabīrah, or “great sin,” is deemed an infidel and not a believer.
Etymology
The name “Ibāḍīyah” is derived from the founder’s name, ʿAbdullāh ibn Ibāḍ. The Arabic root (إباضية) embodies the founder’s legacy and the religious philosophy he propagated.
Arabic Translation
- Arabic: إباضية
- Transliteration: Ibāḍīyah
Turkish Translation
- Turkish: İbâzîlik
Historical Background
The Ibāḍīyah originated in the mid-8th century, emerging as part of the broader Kharijite movement. Unlike other Kharijite groups known for their militant stance, the Ibāḍīyah adopted more moderate views and spread primarily in Oman, North Africa, and parts of East Africa. The sect played a vital role in shaping the religious landscape, especially in Oman, where it remains the predominant form of Islam.
Key Beliefs
- Theological Stance on Sin: Central to Ibāḍī beliefs is the concept of kabīrah (great sin). According to Ibāḍī jurisprudence, those who commit grave sins are considered infidels who are outside the fold of true believers.
- Moderation: Unlike their Kharijite predecessors, Ibāḍīs maintain a more moderating stance on contentious issues, advocating for social justice, equitable governance, and community integrity.
Practices and Rituals
- Prayers and Worship: Similar in many ways to the broader Islamic prayers but may feature distinct jurisprudential stances.
- Community Focus: Community cohesion and mutual support are emphasized in Ibāḍī communities.
- Pilgrimage: Performance of Hajj is obligatory, similar to other Islamic sects, but with interpretations informed by Ibāḑī doctrine.
Further Studies
For those interested in an in-depth examination of the Ibāḍīyah, the following books are recommended:
- “The Ibāḍīs in Eastern Arabia” by John C. Wilkinson
- “Oman and Ibadhism” by John C. Wilkinson
- “Islamic Theology: Traditionalism and Rationalism” by Binyamin Abrahamov
Takeaways
- Distinct Identity: The Ibāḍīyah’s unique stance on grave sin and infidelity sets it apart from Sunni and Shi’a traditions.
- Historical Roots: Originated from the broader Kharijite movement but adopted a more moderate path.
- Regional Influence: Predominantly found in Oman and parts of North and East Africa, influencing local Islamic practices.
Conclusion
The Ibāḍīyah remains an essential branch of Islam, offering a unique perspective on issues of sin, faith, and community ethics. As a moderate offshoot of the Kharijite movement, it has notably shaped religious and cultural practices in its regions of influence. Understanding the Ibāḍīyah entails appreciating its historical evolution and its significant role within the mosaic that constitutes the Islamic faith.
Related Tags
- Islam
- Islamic Sects
- Kharijite Movement
- Omani Islam
- Religious History
