Fugitives in Islam
The concept of fugitives in Islamic tradition encompasses various dimensions, including those related to slavery and religious persecution. This entry explores the terms ābiq (آبق) and muhājir (مهاجر), their definitions, etymology, and significance within Islamic theology and law.
Etymology and Translations
- Ābiq (آبق): Derived from the Arabic root “ábq” (أبَقَ), meaning “to run away” or “to flee.” This term specifically refers to fugitive slaves.
- Muhājir (مهاجر): Stemming from the Arabic root “h-j-r” (هَجَرَ), meaning “to emigrate” or “to abandon.” This term refers to individuals who flee their homeland due to religious persecution.
Definitions and Context
Ābiq (آبق)
A fugitive slave is referred to as ābiq in Islamic law. The capture of such a fugitive slave is considered a praiseworthy act, and Islamic jurisprudence outlines a reward of forty dirhams for the captor.
Islamic Law Perspective: In classical Islamic law, slavery had a codified structure and designated roles. The term ābiq denotes a slave who escapes their master. Historical Islamic jurists debated the ethical dimensions and jurisprudential implications surrounding fugitive slaves.
Muhājir (مهاجر)
A person who flees due to religious persecution or in the cause of Islam is known as muhājir. The Quran explicitly recognizes and esteems those who migrate for the sake of their faith, promising divine rewards and blessings.
Quranic References:
- Surah An-Nisa (4:101): “Whosoever flees in the way of God shall find in the earth a spacious refuge.”
- Surah Al-Hajj (22:57): “Those who flee in God’s way and then are slain or die, God will provide them with a godly provision.”
Quranic Context and Promises
The Quran places a high spiritual value on migration and refuge for the sake of preserving faith. The early Muslim community experienced significant religious persecution, underscoring the importance of finding safe havens.
Takeaways and Conclusion
- Ābiq refers to a fugitive slave, and capturing such an individual is historically praised in Islamic tradition.
- Muhājir denotes a religious refugee, with the Quran promising divine reward and blessings for those who migrate in the way of God.
- Islamic jurisprudence and theological discussions provide a nuanced understanding of these terms, emphasizing the moral and legal dimensions of fugitives within the faith.
Recommended Books for Further Study
- “Slavery and Islam” by Jonathan A.C. Brown: A comprehensive examination of the intersection between slavery and Islamic law.
- “Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes” by Tamim Ansary: Insightful narrative on key historical episodes, including the significance of migration in Islam.
- “The Quran: A New Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem”: A modern translation offering clarity on Quranic verses regarding migration and refuge.
The understanding of fugitives within Islamic tradition highlights both historical practices and ethical considerations, reflecting the broader principles of justice and compassion in Islam.