Fitan (فتن)
Definition and Etymology
Fitan (فتن) is the plural form of fitnah (فتنة) in Arabic. The term fitnah derives from the root verb fatana (فَتَنَ) which means to tempt, seduce, or to subject to trial or test. It signifies severe trials, seditions, strife, and commotions, particularly those that precede the Resurrection in Islamic eschatology.
In modern Turkish, it is referred to as fitneler.
Significance in Islam
Prophetic Traditions
The concept of fitan is notably encapsulated in numerous prophetic traditions (hadiths). It is often highlighted in Islamic eschatology for the trials and tribulations expected to occur before the Day of Judgment. A chapter on fitan is prevalent in classical collections of hadith, such as:
- Ṣaḥīḥu ʾl-Bukhārī (p. 1045)
- Ṣaḥīḥu Muslim (p. 388)
Muḥammad, the Prophet of Islam, is quoted as saying:
<p>“There will be Khalīfahs after me that will not go the straight road in which I have gone, nor will follow my example, but in those times there will be the hearts of devils in the bodies of men.” (Ṣaḥīḥu Muslim)</p>
Historical Context
One striking aspect within the concept of fitan is the role and conduct of Islamic leaders (khulafā’, singular khalīfah). Ṣafīyah’s tradition (recorded in at-Tirmidhī and Abū Dāwūd) indicated:
<p>“The succession would last for thirty years,” followed by the four rightly guided Caliphs (al-Khulafā’ ar-Rāshidūn): Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī.</p>
Obedience during Trials
In situations of fitan, obedience to the ruler is stressed in prophetic advice, even under unjust circumstances. When asked what should be done during such tribulations, Muḥammad said to obey the ruler: “even though he flog your back and take your money.” This emphasizes a theme of patience and endurance among the ummah (Muslim community).
Rebellion and Fitnah
A leader of sedition is referred to as a baghī (باغي), or a rebel. The idea of rebellion and civil strife is strongly cautioned against in Islamic teachings as it can lead to social disorder and disintegration.
Recommended Books for Further Studies
To gain a more comprehensive understanding of fitan, the following references are recommended:
- “The Signs Before the Day of Judgement” by Ibn Kathir: A detailed exposé on the trials and tribulations before the end times.
- “The Book of Tribulations” (Kitab al-Fitan) by Nu’aym ibn Hammad: A classical work focusing on fitan and the associated hadiths.
- “The History of the Khalifahs Who Took the Right Way” by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti: Offers insights on the leadership during the formative years of Islam.
Conclusion
The term fitan encapsulates significant theological, eschatological, and historical elements within Islam. It speaks to periods of intense strife and disorder, providing guidance on conduct and leadership in such times. The concept is deeply embedded in Islamic eschatology and serves as a point of reflection for both historical and contemporary challenges faced by the Muslim ummah.
Takeaways
- Fitan is the plural form of fitnah, representing trials or strife.
- Prominently mentioned in hadith literature, especially concerning end times.
- Emphasizes patience and obedience to leadership during trials.
- Historical examples include the rightly guided Caliphs and their governance.
Understanding fitan offers critical insights into Islamic views on leadership, patience, and the significance of trials, both historically and eschatologically. This theory underlines the perennial nature of challenges and the importance of adherence to faith and leadership during difficult times.
