Eritrea, Islam in
Introduction
Islam in Eritrea holds a significant historical and contemporary presence, marked by a journey that began in the seventh century when the early followers of Prophet Muhammad sought refuge from persecution in the Aksumite Empire. Today, approximately half of Eritrea’s population identifies as Muslim, and the religion has played a pivotal role in various socio-political developments, including the independence movement from 1961 to 1991.
Historical Context
Early Islam in Eritrea
Eritrea’s connection with Islam dates back to the seventh century. When faced with persecution in Mecca, a small group of Muslims, known as the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad, were granted protection by the Aksumite Kingdom. This historic event is known as the first Hijra (migration).
Islam’s Expansion
Islam began to take root more formally in Eritrea by the ninth century with the arrival of Arab traders and settlers. A significant chapter in this expansion occurred under the leadership of Imam Ahmed Gran in the sixteenth century. Gran’s military campaigns and consolidation of power furthered the dissemination of Islamic principles and practices in the region.
Reforms and Institutions
The nineteenth century saw a period of Islamic reform in Eritrea. Reformers sought to standardize Islamic practices and address syncretic tendencies that had developed. During this period, the first Islamic schools (madrasas) and Islamic courts (sharia courts) were established, formalizing educational and legal aspects of Islam in Eritrean society.
19th and 20th Centuries
Colonial and Post-Colonial Influence
Islam flourished during the Italian colonial period (1882–1941), with increased freedom for religious practices and the establishment of more madrasas and mosques. However, following Eritrea’s federation with Ethiopia (1951) and subsequent annexation (1962), there was significant repression of Islamic institutions and practices. This period of repression continued until Eritrea eventually gained independence in 1991.
Modern Developments
Since gaining independence, Eritrean Muslims have been navigating complex political and social landscapes. The government’s stance on religion has shaped the daily life and liberties of its Muslim citizens. Despite challenges, the resilience and dynamism of Eritrean Muslims have led to the continued flourishing of Islam in the region.
Etymology and Translations
- Etymology: The term Islam originates from the Arabic root s-l-m, which means “peace” or “submission.”
- Arabic Translation: إسلام في إريتريا (Islām fī Īrītrīyā)
- Turkish Translation: Eritre’de İslam
Suggested Reading for Further Studies
- “The History of Islam in Africa” by Nehemia Levtzion and Randall Pouwels
- “Eritrea: A Modern History” by Martin Plaut
- “Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction” by Adam J. Silverstein
- “Islam in Africa: South of the Sahara” by Adebayo Olukoshi
Key Takeaways
- Islam has been intertwined with Eritrea’s history since the 7th century.
- Early Muslim migrants sought refuge in Eritrea, marking the beginning of Islamic influence.
- Islam underwent significant expansion and reform from the 9th century through the 20th century.
- Colonial and post-colonial periods saw fluctuations in the freedom and practice of Islam.
- Modern Eritrean Muslims continue to practice and adapt Islam in a complex socio-political environment.
Conclusion
Islam in Eritrea is not merely a religious tradition but a crucial part of Eritrea’s cultural and historical identity. It bears witness to periods of refuge, reform, and resilience, establishing a legacy that continues to shape the lives of nearly half the nation’s population. Understanding this historical journey provides valuable insight into the broader tapestry of Islamic history in Africa.
