Devshirme
Etymology
The term Devshirme (Turkish: ديوشيرمك, Devşirme) is derived from the Turkish word “devşirme,” which means ‘collecting’ or ‘gathering.’
Definition
Devshirme was an Ottoman practice instituted in 1395 of levying a “tax” of young Christian males, primarily from the Balkans, to serve as soldiers, court officers, administrative officers, and royal pages in the sultan’s household. This practice aimed to form a loyal and efficient administrative and military elite directly subordinated to the sultan.
Historical Context
Devshirme was initially implemented to consolidate power and create a centralized administration by recruiting young non-Muslim boys, converting them to Islam, and providing them with extensive education. Promising recruits were educated in Arabic, Turkish, and Islamic doctrines at the sultan’s court and palace schools.
This system significantly influenced Ottoman political, military, and cultural history. Many of these boys rose to high ranks and positions of considerable power, such as grand viziers, admirals, and provincial governors. The most famous outcome of this system was the creation of the elite Janissary military corps, which became a formidable and loyal military force.
Cultural and Religious Context
Despite the cultural assimilation into Muslim society, many of the boys recruited via devshirme retained their original identities, creating a diverse and multifaceted administrative apparatus within the Ottoman Empire. The practice was a notable example of state integration mechanisms guided by Islamic principles but intertwined with pragmatic governance needs.
Books for Further Study
- “The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600” by Halil Inalcik
- “Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire” by Caroline Finkel
- “The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922” by Donald Quataert
Takeaways
- Devshirme reflects how the Ottomans balanced religious doctrine with state pragmatism.
- The system allowed for high mobility within the Ottoman hierarchy, leading to significant contributions to the empire’s governance and military strength.
- Despite its autonomy, the practice has faced severe criticism for its coercive nature and its impact on subject populations.
Conclusion
Devshirme was a unique and complex system that underscores the adaptability and organizational innovation of the Ottoman Empire. Although controversial, it played a pivotal role in maintaining a strong and loyal elite cadre that greatly contributed to the empire’s administrative and military effectiveness. Understanding devshirme allows for a nuanced appreciation of Ottoman governance and its intertwining with Islamic and regional cultural dynamics.
