Definition of Dīwān (ديوان)
What is Dīwān?
1. In Islamic Law
In Muḥammadan, or Islamic, law, the term “Dīwān” refers to an account or record book, as well as the bags in which the Qāḍī’s records are stored.
2. As a Court of Justice
“Dīwān” also identifies a court of justice or a royal court, emphasizing its role in judicial and administrative proceedings.
3. As a Government Office
The term is used to denote a minister of state, the chief officer in a Muslim state, or a finance minister, reflecting its administrative significance.
4. In British Courts
In British colonial courts, a civil suit is called “dīwānī” to distinguish it from a criminal suit, which is termed “faujdārī.”
5. In Literature
A “Dīwān” can also refer to a collection of odes or poems. For instance, “Dīwān-i-Ḥāfiz̤” denotes the collected poems of the Persian poet Ḥāfiz̤.
Etymology
The Arabic word “ديوان” traces its origin to the Persian “دیوان,” initially meaning a list or register. It later evolved into manifold contexts such as administrative, legal, and literary registers.
Translations
- Arabic: ديوان (Dīwān)
- Turkish: Divan
Historical Context and Applications
Legal and Administrative Record Keeping
Historically, a “Dīwān” served as an essential part of the administrative machinery in Islamic governance, housing records and accounts that were vital for managing the state’s legal and financial affairs.
Courts and Judicial Proceedings
The term reinforced its significance as it extended to describe courts of justice, where “Dīwān” would represent both the physical space and the judicial roles therein.
Governance and Finance
In various Islamic empires, “Dīwān” signified high-ranking governmental and financial officers. These officials were responsible for policy-making and ensuring the economic stability of the state.
Literary Collections
In classical and medieval Islamic culture, notable poets and writers would compile their works into a “Dīwān.” This practice highlighted not only the artistic contributions but also preserved the rich literary heritage for future generations.
Recommended Books for Further Study
- “Dīwān of Ḥāfiz̤” - Translated by Gertrude Bell. A comprehensive collection of poems by one of Persia’s most beloved poets.
- “Islamic Courts and Judicial Procedure” by Joseph Schacht. A detailed exploration of the judicial system in Islamic law, including the role of Dīwāns.
- “The Administration of the Mughal Empire” by Jadunath Sarkar. This book provides insights into the administrative functions including the use of Dīwāns in governance.
Key Takeaways
- Multifaceted Term: “Dīwān” integrates administrative, legal, judicial, and literary contexts in Islamic tradition.
- Etymological Richness: The term’s origin and development emphasize a legacy of record-keeping and governance.
- Literary Significance: As a compilation of poetic works, “Dīwān” preserves cultural and artistic legacies.
Conclusion
The term “Dīwān” exemplifies the complexity and rich historical significance attached to many Arabic terms that have permeated various spheres of Islamic and broader global cultures. From administrative functions to literary achievements, the “Dīwān” remains a cornerstone concept worthy of continued study and appreciation.
