Circumcision in Islam - Definition, Etymology, and Practices
Etymology and Translations
- Arabic: خِتَان (Khitān), خِتَانَة (Khitāna), or خَتْنَة (Khatna)
- Turkish: Sünnet
Overview
Circumcision, known as Khitān in Arabic, is a ritual practice prevalent in Islamic tradition. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an, it is deeply embedded in Islamic customs, particularly following the practices (Sunnah) of the Prophet Muhammad.
Religious Context
Muslim scholars regard circumcision as a Sunnah, a practice established by the Prophet. Historically, it is traced back to Prophet Abraham, who is said to have performed circumcision at an advanced age. Various hadiths elaborate on the significance of circumcision as part of the natural disposition (Fitrah) for Muslim males.
Hadith References
The Sahih al-Bukhari, a respected Hadith collection, dedicates a chapter to Khitān, featuring notable traditions:
- Abu Hurairah: Narrates that one of the natural dispositions (Fitrah) is circumcision.
- Abraham: Reported to have undergone circumcision at the age of eighty.
- Ibn Abbas: Recalls being circumcised during the Prophet Muhammad’s era, indicating the practice existed among early Muslims.
Age and Procedure
Circumcision is recommended for boys between ages seven and twelve, though it can be performed as early as seven days after birth. Adults converting to Islam often undergo circumcision, though it can be waived if it causes significant hardship.
Procedure in Detail
In regions like India, the operation typically involves:
- Inspecting the foreskin with a stick to ensure no unnatural adhesions.
- Drawing the foreskin forward and securing it with forceps made from split bamboo.
- Removing the foreskin with a single downward stroke of a razor.
- Staunching the minor bleeding with burnt rags and ashes.
Female Circumcision
Female circumcision, while practiced in some Muslim-majority areas like Arabia, is subject to significant ethical debate and is less universally applied compared to male circumcision.
Notable Figures Born Circumcised
Islamic lore suggests seventeen prophets were born circumcised, including Adam, Noah, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.
Suggested Books for Further Study
- “The Circumcision of Women: A Strategy for Eradication” by Nahid Toubia
- “Circumcision: A History of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery” by David Gollaher
- “Islamic Law: From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice” by Gordon D. Newby
Key Takeaways
- Circumcision in Islam, or Khitān, symbolizes adherence to prophetic traditions.
- Despite its absence in the Qur’an, it is reinforced through Hadith and historical narratives.
- Male circumcision is widely practiced and ritualistic, while female circumcision, though present, faces significant controversy.
Conclusion
Understanding circumcision within Islam requires exploring its prophetic roots, cultural variations, and the evolving ethical discussions surrounding its practice. This ritual exemplifies the intersection of faith, tradition, and community health in the Islamic worldview.
