Introduction
Islam in Australia and New Zealand traces back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the first Muslim came as camel drivers. Today, Muslims make up 1–2 percent of the total population in these lands, predominantly coming from Turkish, Lebanese, South Asian, and Indian-Fijian backgrounds. This entry provides a detailed examination of the history, community structures, organizations, and challenges faced by Muslims in Australia and New Zealand.
Etymology
“Islam” (الإسلام) means “submission [to God]”. The terms for “Muslim” are “مسلم” (Arabic) and “Müslüman” (Turkish).
Early Muslim Presence
Camel Drivers
The first significant wave of Muslims came to Australia and New Zealand as camel drivers, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These individuals played a crucial role in exploring and opening up the country’s interior.
Demographics
Ethnic Composition
- Turkish and Lebanese: More than 80% of Muslims in both countries hail from Turkish and Lebanese backgrounds.
- South Asians and Indian-Fijians: Alongside the Turkish and Lebanese, communities of South Asians and Indian-Fijians are also significantly represented.
Population Distribution
Muslims account for roughly 1–2 percent of the total population. The majority reside in urban centers and belong to the working class.
Organizational Structure
Local Islamic Associations
Islamic associations began to form in the mid-1950s, structuring predominantly along ethnic lines. These local organizations lay the foundation of community development and provided essential religious and cultural services.
National Associations
- Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (AFIC): Established to unify the various Islamic associations and offer educational, cultural, community, and religious services, including Halal certification.
- Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ): Similar to the AFIC, it serves to coordinate religious activities, certify Halal practices, and engage in community support.
Challenges and Perceptions
Muslims in Australia and New Zealand often perceive discrimination and negative stereotyping. These sentiments arise largely from conflicts between Islamic customs and local societal norms.
Conflicts and Stereotypes
The opposition usually centers around religious practices, dress codes, and dietary restrictions, leading to a sense of marginalization within broader society.
Further Studies
- Cesari, Jocelyne. Islam in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens.
- Cleland, Bilal. Muslims in Australia: History, Kids and Challenges.
- Fethi Mansouri and Vince Marotta. *Muslims in the Australian Labour Market *
Takeaways
- The initial Muslim migration primarily involved camel drivers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Turkish and Lebanese Muslims form the core communities, supplemented by South Asians and Indian-Fijians.
- Local Islamic associations formed in the mid-1950s, providing religious, educational, and community services.
- National entities like AFIC and FIANZ were established to streamline services and represent their communities more effectively.
- Challenges persist in the form of discrimination and cultural stereotyping against Muslims.
Conclusion
Islamic communities in Australia and New Zealand have richly contributed to the mosaic of societal contributions despite existing challenges. The community organizations have worked tirelessly to provide essential services and uphold religious practices to maintain their faith and support for its members.
